A prospecção tecnológica é a disciplina que trata das atividades de busca e predição de tecnologias de interesse, sendo uma importante ferramenta para empresas e governos. Já o campo da biotecnologia consiste de um dos mais férteis quanto à produção acadêmica e industrial, tendo impacto alto na economia mundial. O presente trabalho focou na intersecção destes dois assuntos, utilizando a disciplina de análises de redes sociais como intermediária. Entre os objetivos buscados estavam sugerir modificações no modelo de classificação de patentes biotecnológicas, descrever a distribuição destas patentes quando agrupadas em redes, e desenvolver uma metodologia de prospecção tecnológica com base nas rotas de desenvolvimento tecnológico presentes nas redes de patentes. As sub-áreas escolhidas para o foco do estudo foram as da biotecnologia agrícola (vegetal) e purificação de água, sendo descritas com base em suas características patentárias. Entre os resultados estão uma nova proposta de aperfeiçoamento de classificação de patentes biotecnológicas, uma nova metodologia para representações de redes de patentes com base em algoritmos de modularidade propostos por Blondel et al. (2008), sendo esta demostrada nos temas estudados. Por fim, o algoritmo SPLC proposto por Hummon e Doreian (1989) foi adaptado de ferramenta para identificação de rotas de desenvolvimento de maior relevância para redes tecnológicas, para uma ferramenta prospectiva de uso em redes de patentes de grande porte. Para a aplicação da ferramenta deste tipo de rede, um plug-in para software de análise de redes sociais foi desenvolvido, com funcionalidades adicionais que agregam ao algoritmo original. As rotas de desenvolvimento tecnológico geradas são passíveis de análises prospectivas posteriores. Não foram encontrados registros de estudos semelhantes na literatura. / Technological forecasting is the subject that tackles the activities of search and prediction of technological innovation, and is considered an important tool for both companies and governments. As for the field of biotechnology, it is one of the richest in terms academic and industrial production, and possess a high impact in the world economy. This study focused in the intersection between this two subjects, using social network analysis as the bridge them. Amongst the objectives was the suggestion of changes in in the classification of biotechnological patents, the description of patents when these are grouped in networks, and the development of a new technological forecasting methodology based on the development routes present in the patent networks. The biotechnology subjects this study focused were plant agriculture and water purification, and their description was elaborated based on their patent characteristics. The results range from a new proposition to the enhancement of the current biotechnological patent classification, to a new method for patent network representation based on the modularity algorithm proposed by Blonde et al. (2008), which was demonstrated in the studied subjects. The last result was related to the SPLC algorithm proposed by Hummon and Doreian (1989) which was adapted from a tool of identification of the most relevant technological development routes, to a technological forecasting tool which can be used in large sized patent networks. For the application of this tool in such networks, a plug-in to a social network software was developed, with added functionalities that enhance the original algorithm. The generated technological development routes of the studied subjects can be used for future forecasting analysis. There has not been found any study similar to this in the literature.

Microrganismos simbiontes são essenciais para a exploração de dietas de baixo valor nutricional, o desenvolvimento, crescimento e a reprodução de seus hospedeiros. Insetos que se alimentam de dieta rica em materiais celulósicos, como é o caso de cupins, apresentam protozoários e/ou bactérias associadas ao trato digestivo que auxiliam na quebra do polímero de celulose e na fixação de nitrogênio. A celulose e a hemicelulose são polímeros estruturais formados por unidades de glicose, sendo a hidrólise desses polímeros de grande interesse industrial para a produção de etanol. O modo mais eficiente de hidrolisar a celulose é pelo uso de enzimas, as celulases. Os cupins apresentam grande eficiência na digestão de celulose e hemicelulose, sendo que a compreensão do processo de digestão de celulose por esses insetos pode facilitar o desenvolvimento de tecnologia mais eficiente para a quebra desse polímero. Assim, este trabalho buscou i) isolar, identificar e caracterizar microrganismos associados ao trato digestivo dos cupins Armitermes euamignathus (Isoptera: Termitidae) e Coptotermes gestroi (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae); ii) verificar o potencial da microbiota na degradação dos principais componentes da lignocelulose (celulose, xilana e pectina); iii) caracterizar o potencial hidrolítico e determinar as condições ótimas de hidrólise (pH e temperatura das diferentes enzimas produzidas). A análise da microbiota cultivável levou à identificação de 14 filotipos para A. euamignathus e de 11 para C. gestroi, distribuídos nos quatro principais filos, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes e Actinobacteria. A caracterização da microbiota não-cultivável levou à identificação de 17 filotipos em operários e três em soldados de A. euamignathus, enquanto que em C. gestroi foi possível identificar seis filotipos em operários e oito em soldados. O filo Firmicutes foi o mais abundante em A. euamignathus, enquanto Proteobacteria predominou em C. gestroi. O isolamento de bactérias em meio seletivo para degradação de celulose, xilana ou pectina levou à seleção de oito filotipos para A. euamignathus e cinco para C. gestroi. Extratos brutos obtidos do cultivo dessas bactérias apresentaram atividade de hidrólise de pectina e xilana, mas não celulose. Ensaios para otimização das reações de degradação indicaram a presença de enzimas que atuam em diferentes faixas de pH ótimo. Assim, a microbiota associada aos cupins estudados foi bastante diversa, apresentando ainda diferenças entre as diferentes castas desses insetos. Essa microbiota também atua em parte do processo de degradação da celulose, demonstrando o potencial que bactérias associadas ao intestino de cupins podem apresentar para a identificação de enzimas digestivas que possam ser utilizadas no processamento da celulose. / Symbionts are essential for insect hosts as they enhance the nutritional value of their host diets and support host development, growth and reproduction. Insects that feed on diets rich in cellulose, such as termites, exhibit protozoa and/or bacteria within their digestive tract that aid in breaking the cellulose and in nitrogen fixation. Cellulose and hemicellulose are polymers formed by units of glucose, and the hydrolysis of these polymers is of great industrial interest for the production of ethanol. Cellulases are the most efficient enzymes to break cellulose. Termites have a huge capacity to digest cellulose and hemicellulose; thefore, understanding the process by which they digest cellulose may allow the development of more suitable technologies devoted to the industrial utilization of cellulose. This work aimed to i) isolate, identify and characterize microorganisms associated with the digestive tract of Armitermes euamignathus (Isoptera: Termitidae) and Coptotermes gestroi (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), ii) investigate the potential of symbionts in the degradation of the main components of lignocellulose (cellulose, xylan and pectin); iii) characterize the hydrolytic potential and determine the optimum hydrolysis conditions (pH and temperature) for the different enzymes produced. The analysis of culturable microorganisms led to the identification of 14 phylotypes for A. euamignathus and 11 for C. gestroi, which were distributed in four Phyla, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. The characterization of the non-culturable microbiota led to the identification of 17 phylotypes in workers and three in soldiers of A. euamignathus, while six phylotypes were identified in workers and eight in soldiers of C. gestroi. Firmicutes was the most abundant in A. euamignathus, while Proteobacteria predominated in C. gestroi. The isolation of bacteria in selective medium to degrade cellulose, xylan or pectin led to the selection of eight phylotypes from A. euamignathus and five from C. gestroi. Crude extracts obtained from the cultivation of these bacteria showed hydrolytic activity towards to xylan and pectin, but not cellulose. Assays for optimization of enzymatic reaction indicated the presence of enzymes that act at different pH ranges great. As a conclusion, symbiont diversity was quite different between the termites species and in between the castes of these species. But the microbiota isolated also acts in the degradation of cellulose, demonstrating the potential for the gut-associated bacteria of termites may present for the identification of digestive enzymes which can be used in the processing of cellulose.

Microrganismos simbiontes são essenciais para a exploração de dietas de baixo valor nutricional, o desenvolvimento, crescimento e a reprodução de seus hospedeiros. Insetos que se alimentam de dieta rica em materiais celulósicos, como é o caso de cupins, apresentam protozoários e/ou bactérias associadas ao trato digestivo que auxiliam na quebra do polímero de celulose e na fixação de nitrogênio. A celulose e a hemicelulose são polímeros estruturais formados por unidades de glicose, sendo a hidrólise desses polímeros de grande interesse industrial para a produção de etanol. O modo mais eficiente de hidrolisar a celulose é pelo uso de enzimas, as celulases. Os cupins apresentam grande eficiência na digestão de celulose e hemicelulose, sendo que a compreensão do processo de digestão de celulose por esses insetos pode facilitar o desenvolvimento de tecnologia mais eficiente para a quebra desse polímero. Assim, este trabalho buscou i) isolar, identificar e caracterizar microrganismos associados ao trato digestivo dos cupins Armitermes euamignathus (Isoptera: Termitidae) e Coptotermes gestroi (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae); ii) verificar o potencial da microbiota na degradação dos principais componentes da lignocelulose (celulose, xilana e pectina); iii) caracterizar o potencial hidrolítico e determinar as condições ótimas de hidrólise (pH e temperatura das diferentes enzimas produzidas). A análise da microbiota cultivável levou à identificação de 14 filotipos para A. euamignathus e de 11 para C. gestroi, distribuídos nos quatro principais filos, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes e Actinobacteria. A caracterização da microbiota não-cultivável levou à identificação de 17 filotipos em operários e três em soldados de A. euamignathus, enquanto que em C. gestroi foi possível identificar seis filotipos em operários e oito em soldados. O filo Firmicutes foi o mais abundante em A. euamignathus, enquanto Proteobacteria predominou em C. gestroi. O isolamento de bactérias em meio seletivo para degradação de celulose, xilana ou pectina levou à seleção de oito filotipos para A. euamignathus e cinco para C. gestroi. Extratos brutos obtidos do cultivo dessas bactérias apresentaram atividade de hidrólise de pectina e xilana, mas não celulose. Ensaios para otimização das reações de degradação indicaram a presença de enzimas que atuam em diferentes faixas de pH ótimo. Assim, a microbiota associada aos cupins estudados foi bastante diversa, apresentando ainda diferenças entre as diferentes castas desses insetos. Essa microbiota também atua em parte do processo de degradação da celulose, demonstrando o potencial que bactérias associadas ao intestino de cupins podem apresentar para a identificação de enzimas digestivas que possam ser utilizadas no processamento da celulose. / Symbionts are essential for insect hosts as they enhance the nutritional value of their host diets and support host development, growth and reproduction. Insects that feed on diets rich in cellulose, such as termites, exhibit protozoa and/or bacteria within their digestive tract that aid in breaking the cellulose and in nitrogen fixation. Cellulose and hemicellulose are polymers formed by units of glucose, and the hydrolysis of these polymers is of great industrial interest for the production of ethanol. Cellulases are the most efficient enzymes to break cellulose. Termites have a huge capacity to digest cellulose and hemicellulose; thefore, understanding the process by which they digest cellulose may allow the development of more suitable technologies devoted to the industrial utilization of cellulose. This work aimed to i) isolate, identify and characterize microorganisms associated with the digestive tract of Armitermes euamignathus (Isoptera: Termitidae) and Coptotermes gestroi (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), ii) investigate the potential of symbionts in the degradation of the main components of lignocellulose (cellulose, xylan and pectin); iii) characterize the hydrolytic potential and determine the optimum hydrolysis conditions (pH and temperature) for the different enzymes produced. The analysis of culturable microorganisms led to the identification of 14 phylotypes for A. euamignathus and 11 for C. gestroi, which were distributed in four Phyla, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. The characterization of the non-culturable microbiota led to the identification of 17 phylotypes in workers and three in soldiers of A. euamignathus, while six phylotypes were identified in workers and eight in soldiers of C. gestroi. Firmicutes was the most abundant in A. euamignathus, while Proteobacteria predominated in C. gestroi. The isolation of bacteria in selective medium to degrade cellulose, xylan or pectin led to the selection of eight phylotypes from A. euamignathus and five from C. gestroi. Crude extracts obtained from the cultivation of these bacteria showed hydrolytic activity towards to xylan and pectin, but not cellulose. Assays for optimization of enzymatic reaction indicated the presence of enzymes that act at different pH ranges great. As a conclusion, symbiont diversity was quite different between the termites species and in between the castes of these species. But the microbiota isolated also acts in the degradation of cellulose, demonstrating the potential for the gut-associated bacteria of termites may present for the identification of digestive enzymes which can be used in the processing of cellulose.

Foram realizados estudos do processo de extração de bromelina de caules de abacaxizeiro Ananás comosus (L.) Merr. cultivar Cayenne, com a finalidade de avaliar o efeito da temperatura de filtração do extrato, da adição de ativadores e de agentes precipitantes sobre a estabilidade da atividade proteolítica e no balanço material. A filtração de extratos a 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60°C, promoveu gradual elevação da atividade proteolítica para as temperaturas ate 50°C e redução a 60°C. A atividade proteolítica foi determinada em Unidades Kunitz. A adição de agentes reconhecidamente ativadores de enzimas proteolíticas como benzoato de sódio, cloridrato de cisteina e edetato dissódico aos extratos filtrados em diferentes temperaturas, promoveu elevação da atividade enzimática, demonstrando um efeito somatório com a temperatura. 0 extrato filtrado a 50°C, contendo ativadores, manteve-se estável durante 60 dias, quando armazenado a 5 e 20°C. 0 balanço material mostrou-se superavitário quando se precipitou bromelina por sulfato de amônio, de extrato filtrado a 40°C, contendo benzoato de sódio, cloridrato de cisteina e edetato dissódico. A acetona demonstrou menor eficiência que o sulfato de amônio, em relação ao balanço material. 0 estudo de estabilidade nas temperaturas de 5, 20, 30 e 40°C, durante 90 dias, das amostras de bromelina obtidas através do inter-relacionamento dos fatores temperatura, ativadores e precipitantes, revelou resultados mais favoráveis na amostra preparada a partir de extrato filtrado a 40°C, contendo benzoato de sódio, cloridrato de cisteina e edetato dissódico, e precipitado por sulfato de amônio. A performance conseguida na ativação e estabilização do extrato e no balanço material não foi ratificada em relação a estabilidade da bromelina em pó. A bromelina em pó, sequramente, necessita de estabilizadores para consolidar as vantagens comprovadas no balanço material, na ativação e estabilização do extrato. / Studies were made on the extraction process of bromelain obtained from the stem of pineapple plant Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. variety Cayenne, with the purpose to evaluate the effect of temperature of the filtration extract, addition of activators and of precipitants agents upon the stability of the proteolytic activity and upon the material balance. The filtration of the extracts at 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60°C results in a gradual increase in the proteolytic activity of the extract till 50°C and a reduction at 60°C. The proteolytic activity was determined in Kunitz units.The addition of commons agents, proteolytic activators like sodium benzoate, cysteine hydrochloride and sodium edetate to the filtrated extracts of stem pineapple at different temperatures promote one elevation of the activity showing an addictive effect with the temperature. The filtrated extract at 50°C and with activators was stable for 60 days when stored at 5 and 20°C.The material balance showed a superavit when the precipitation of bromelain was made by ammonium sulphate in relation to others filtrated at 40°C, obtained with sodium benzoate, cysteine hydrochloride and sodium edetate.The acetone showed less efficiency than the ammonium sulphate in relation to the material balance. The stability study of the bromelain at the temperature of 5, 20, 30 and 40°C during a period of 90 days and obtained through the interrelationship of factors like temperature, activators and precipitants showed best results to bromelain sample prepared from the filtrated extract at 40°C with sodium benzoate, cysteine hydrochloride and sodium edetate and precipitated with ammonium sulphate. The performance related to the activation, stabilization and in the material balance was not confirmed in relation to the stability of the bromelain powder. The bromelain powder, certainly needs stabilizers to consolidate the advantages showed in the material balance in the activation and stabilization of pineapple extract.

Os polihidroxialcanoatos constituem um grupo de poliésteres acumulados por inúmeras bactérias na forma de grânulos intracelulares, que podem representar até 80% da massa seca celular. No presente trabalho, foi avaliado o comportamento de diferentes linhagens quanto a capacidade de metabolizarem ácidos graxos livres e óleo de soja para a produção de biopolímeros e, posteriormente, em biorreator, algumas linhagens selvagens e recombinantes foram testadas na presença ou não de um inibidor da b-oxidação. Experimentos em frascos agitados, mostraram valores de teor de PHA em até cerca de 70% na biomassa total com cerca de 5% de monômeros de cadeia média permitindo selecionar as linhagens Cupriavidus necator e Burkholderia cepacia para os ensaios seguintes. Experimentos em biorreator mostraram que, as variáveis manipuláveis quanto ao fluxo de óleo de soja, de co-substratos e o inibidor de b-oxidação não influenciaram, significativamente, no rendimento de P3HB/3HAmcl formado quando utilizado Burkholderia cepacia IPT-048, entretanto, contribuíram na síntese de 3HV. Durante os ensaios, o aumento do número de cópias do gene phaB em Cupriavidus necator, aparentemente, não contribuíram para o aumento do rendimento de 3HHx, porém, outras variáveis manipuláveis deverão ser propostas para a confirmação. / The poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are a group of polyesters accumulated for several bacteria in the intracellular granule form, that can represent up to 80% of the dry mass cellular. The main advantage of the biopolymers on the synthetic materials is its degradation in the environment. Recycable raw materials can be used as carbon sources for the production biodegradable polymer. Some polymers have appeared in literature having mechanical characteristic considered appropriate in such a way for use in packings (flexible and covering films), how base for controlled release of asset to be applied in the pharmacological-medical and foods area. The P3HB-co-3HAmcl are 3-hydroxybutyrate copolymers and 3-hydroxyacyl of 6 or more carbon atoms which has aroused interest for to present intermediate properties between HB and HAmcl, having taken care of the requirements for diverse applications. Some strains are distinguished, however, assays in bottles agitated with the Cupriavidus sp. and Burkholderia sp. strains, using as substratum greasy free acid and soy oil, had led the promising results. In the present work, first, was evaluated the behavior of different strains (Cupriavidus necator DSM545 IPT-026, C. necator H16 IPT-027, Pseudomonas sp. IPT-066, Burkholderia cepacia IPT-048 and B. sacchari IPT-189) how much to metabolizer capacity of free fatty acids and soybean oil for the production of biopolymers and, later, in tank bioreactor some wild strains and recombinant had been tested together or not of an inhibitor of the boxidation (acid acrylic). Experiments in bottles with agitation, had shown values of PHA in about 70% of the total biomass with about 5% monomers chain average allowing to select the Burkholderia cepacia IPT-048 and Cupriavidus necator DSM545 strains for the following assays. Experiments in tank bioreactor had shown that, the interactions between the substratum, co-substratum and the inhibitor of boxidation had influenced in the amount of formed P3HB/3HAmcl when used the Burkholderia cepacia IPT-048 strains, contributing for the synthesis of 3HV and 3HHx. When used only the soybean oil (5g/L) was gotten an amount of HHx with about 6 mol% with Burkholderia cepacia strains. In this same condition was verified that after some determined period also proved monomer HV in an amount of 0.20 mol%. Adding the acid acrylic (0.18 g/L) were gotten 1.50 mol% of HHx, however, differently of the previous condition the amount of HV varied of 0.91 - 2.77 mol%. A conclusion for the condition soybean oil and acrylic acid is that, the strains is using the acrylic fatty acid as carbon source, or either, the formation of acrylil-CoA with consequent formation of chains with 5 carbons. Similar results had been gotten when analyzed extracted polymer, or either, after the stage of extraction with chloroform was verified that the amount varied of 1.60 - 2.14 mol%. When added to a cosubstratum in the phase of accumulation (caproic fatty acid) and absence of the acrylic acid, it did not have the increase of HHx in relation to the previous variable, as much that, the amount of monomer reached about 0.50 mol%. In this condition, the presence of the acrylic fatty acid also did not contribute for the HV synthesis, not having been observed monomers during the assays. In the following phase, in which we work with Cupriavidus necator and a recombinant (Cupriavidus necator::phaB) strains, was verified that the gotten amount of HHx had been similar, about 0.30 mol%. Our hypothesis, we believe that the increase of the number of copies of the gene phaB could contribute for the increase of the carbon flow in the direction to raise the amount of 3HB how much of other monomers. As in the assays in bottles with agitation substrat caproic and caprylic fatty acids they had been distinguished also when availabled 2g/L and the soybean oil of in a concentration of 5g/L, we analyze the strains recombinant with soybean oil and caprylic fatty acid with 5 g/L. The insistence in the use of the caprylic fatty acid was based on the fact of the possibility of strains to oxidate part of fatty acids for the production of cells and energy and, at the moment that had the nitrogen limitation, to begin the accumulation phase dividing two carbons for the production of acetyl-CoA and the remain of the chain was stored in the form of 3HHx. The caprylic fatty acid disponibility it did not have the monomer attainment, therefore, Cupriavidus necator and Cupriavidus necator::phaB had its replyed inhibited capacity by the substratum. In the added soybean oil bottles with and without the acrylic fatty acid the behavior it was the opposite to the observed with caprylic fatty acid. During the incubation period, for both the strains, the amount of PHA, and consequently, the percentage of 3HB in the dry mass cellular was of 22.95% (100 mol%) and 25.90% (100 mol%) in 28ª and 24ª hours, respectively. In this condition, in the recombinant strains, also was observed the presence of HHx between 32ª and 49ª hour with a maxim amount of 1.10 mol%. From the results it can be concluded that the Burkholderia cepacia is considered a promising strains for the attainment of HHx and HV allowing that soybean oil with and without the acrylic fatty acid, respectively. The increase in the number of copies of the gene phaB in Cupriavidus necator apparently did not contribute with the increase of 3HHx efficiency however, other handling variables will be proposed for confirmation.

Foram realizados estudos do processo de extração de bromelina de caules de abacaxizeiro Ananás comosus (L.) Merr. cultivar Cayenne, com a finalidade de avaliar o efeito da temperatura de filtração do extrato, da adição de ativadores e de agentes precipitantes sobre a estabilidade da atividade proteolítica e no balanço material. A filtração de extratos a 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60°C, promoveu gradual elevação da atividade proteolítica para as temperaturas ate 50°C e redução a 60°C. A atividade proteolítica foi determinada em Unidades Kunitz. A adição de agentes reconhecidamente ativadores de enzimas proteolíticas como benzoato de sódio, cloridrato de cisteina e edetato dissódico aos extratos filtrados em diferentes temperaturas, promoveu elevação da atividade enzimática, demonstrando um efeito somatório com a temperatura. 0 extrato filtrado a 50°C, contendo ativadores, manteve-se estável durante 60 dias, quando armazenado a 5 e 20°C. 0 balanço material mostrou-se superavitário quando se precipitou bromelina por sulfato de amônio, de extrato filtrado a 40°C, contendo benzoato de sódio, cloridrato de cisteina e edetato dissódico. A acetona demonstrou menor eficiência que o sulfato de amônio, em relação ao balanço material. 0 estudo de estabilidade nas temperaturas de 5, 20, 30 e 40°C, durante 90 dias, das amostras de bromelina obtidas através do inter-relacionamento dos fatores temperatura, ativadores e precipitantes, revelou resultados mais favoráveis na amostra preparada a partir de extrato filtrado a 40°C, contendo benzoato de sódio, cloridrato de cisteina e edetato dissódico, e precipitado por sulfato de amônio. A performance conseguida na ativação e estabilização do extrato e no balanço material não foi ratificada em relação a estabilidade da bromelina em pó. A bromelina em pó, sequramente, necessita de estabilizadores para consolidar as vantagens comprovadas no balanço material, na ativação e estabilização do extrato. / Studies were made on the extraction process of bromelain obtained from the stem of pineapple plant Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. variety Cayenne, with the purpose to evaluate the effect of temperature of the filtration extract, addition of activators and of precipitants agents upon the stability of the proteolytic activity and upon the material balance. The filtration of the extracts at 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60°C results in a gradual increase in the proteolytic activity of the extract till 50°C and a reduction at 60°C. The proteolytic activity was determined in Kunitz units.The addition of commons agents, proteolytic activators like sodium benzoate, cysteine hydrochloride and sodium edetate to the filtrated extracts of stem pineapple at different temperatures promote one elevation of the activity showing an addictive effect with the temperature. The filtrated extract at 50°C and with activators was stable for 60 days when stored at 5 and 20°C.The material balance showed a superavit when the precipitation of bromelain was made by ammonium sulphate in relation to others filtrated at 40°C, obtained with sodium benzoate, cysteine hydrochloride and sodium edetate.The acetone showed less efficiency than the ammonium sulphate in relation to the material balance. The stability study of the bromelain at the temperature of 5, 20, 30 and 40°C during a period of 90 days and obtained through the interrelationship of factors like temperature, activators and precipitants showed best results to bromelain sample prepared from the filtrated extract at 40°C with sodium benzoate, cysteine hydrochloride and sodium edetate and precipitated with ammonium sulphate. The performance related to the activation, stabilization and in the material balance was not confirmed in relation to the stability of the bromelain powder. The bromelain powder, certainly needs stabilizers to consolidate the advantages showed in the material balance in the activation and stabilization of pineapple extract.

Orientador: Irenilza de Alencar Naas / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T13:34:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_DaniloFlorentino_D.pdf: 4613464 bytes, checksum: f69737da451ffc0d2ceecda7fcdacd9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Esse trabalho propôs o uso de ferramentas de precisão para o monitoramento de matrizes pesadas que sirvam para a coleta de dados comportamentais que contribuem para a predição de bem-estar. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em câmara climática onde se observaram os efeitos do ambiente, idade e linhagem, nos comportamentos expressos pelas matrizes. Para a gestão dos dados e das informações, foi desenvolvido um software que faz a interface do usuário com um banco de dados relacional FireBird®. Para o monitoramento dos comportamentos, utilizaram-se duas tecnologias de precisão: câmeras de vídeo e identificação eletrônica. Os resultados das análises exploratórias de Componentes Principais e Gráficos de Interação mostraram diferenças importantes nos comportamentos em função dos fatores experimentais idade, linhagem e ambiente. Os resultados foram confirmados através de teste de médias de Tukey e modelos de Regressão Dummy, que utiliza variáveis contínuas e categóricas. A freqüência de ocorrências dos comportamentos Ciscar, Deitar e ida ao Ninho, bem como o tempo médio de duração dos comportamentos Limpar Penas e presença no Bebedouro foram modelados e podem ser usados para ajudar a avaliar o bem-estar das matrizes em alojamentos. Os resultados permitem afirmar que mesmo em amplitudes pequenas de temperatura e amônia, os comportamentos são afetados pelo ambiente e contribuem para o entendimento do bem-estar de matrizes pesadas. A tecnologia associada à metodologia aplicada foi eficiente no registro das informações de produção, permitindo estudar a influência do ambiente no comportamento das matrizes / Abstract: This research proposed the use of precision tools for monitoring female broiler breeders in order to register behavior pattern data that may contribute for welfare prediction. Two experiments were conduced inside an environmental chamber where environment, age and breeding effect in the female broiler breeder behavior were observed. For managing the recorded data and information a software was developed in order to make a user¿s interface with the relational database called FireBird®. For monitoring behavior two precision technologies were used: video camera recording and electronic identification. Exploratory analysis of Principal Components Results and Interaction Graphs showed important differences in the behavior related to the experimental factors such as age, breeding and environmental data. Results were confirmed through average analysis as Tukey Test and Dummy Regression Model that uses continuous and categorical variables. The frequency of behavior occurrence such as foraging, lying down and moving to the nest, as well as the behavior average duration time in preening, staying at the drinker were modeled, and can be used to help evaluating intensive housed broiler breeder welfare assessment. Results allow stating that even in small amplitude of ambient temperature and housing ammonia concentration variation behavior pattern is affect by the environment, and it may contribute for understanding broiler breeder¿s welfare. The technology associated to the methodology was efficient in allowing the study of the environment effect in female broiler breeder behavior / Doutorado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Orientador: José Maria Ferreira Jardim da Silveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T22:05:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barros_PauloBertideAzevedo_D.pdf: 1986087 bytes, checksum: 435fa35b6418ac43b4217dae2acdd720 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O Programa de bioenergia (BIOEN) criado em 2008 pela Fapesp, teve por propósito estabelecer uma linha de financiamento para pesquisa científico-tecnológica no setor de bioenergia, em especial da proveniente da cana-de-açúcar. Essa proposta exige para o seu sucesso uma articulação adequada entre a universidade e as necessidades de avanço tecnológico demandadas e a serem incorporadas pelas empresas. Nesse contexto as questões de propriedade intelectual e novos modelos de gestão de pesquisa ganham importância. Esta tese visa analisar mudanças no desenho organizacional em laboratórios e grupos de pesquisa financiados pelo BIOEN e analisar nesses projetos questões de propriedade intelectual sob a perspectiva da economia política do direito de propriedade. Para atingir estes objetivos foi realizado um estudo com a aplicação de questionário e entrevistas a 43 líderes de projetos financiados pelo BIOEN. Os métodos de coleta de dados combinaram abordagens quantitativas e qualitativas. O questionário incluiu questões que abrangiam vários tópicos: caracterização geral do laboratório e dos recursos humanos; fonte de financiamento e compartilhamento dos equipamentos mais caros; impacto do programa BIOEN, segundo a percepção dos líderes em vários aspectos físicos e organizacionais dos laboratórios; avaliação dos líderes quanto à missão do BIOEN e ao sucesso do programa em relação a vários aspectos, inclusive quanto ao envolvimento de empresas; percepção dos líderes quanto a questões referentes à propriedade intelectual e a liberdade para operar e avaliação destes pesquisadores quanto aos riscos e restrições para o desenvolvimento de seus projetos. Os resultados apontaram que nos laboratórios financiados 52,9% dos técnicos, 58% dos alunos de pós-graduação e 61,4% dos pós-doc estão vinculados diretamente ao projeto do BIOEN; 38,9% dos equipamentos mais caros desses laboratórios foram financiados pelo BIOEN e que 63,9% dos equipamentos são compartilhados com outros grupos de pesquisa da mesma ou de outra instituição; o programa, segundo os líderes, influenciou pouco a área física, mas teve impacto importante na ampliação de colaborações, na modernização de equipamentos e no potencial de produção; apenas 16% dos líderes concordam plenamente que as parcerias entre os laboratórios acadêmicos e de industrias estão ocorrendo no âmbito do BIOEN, mas 80% deles concordam plenamente que essa parceria é importante; a maioria (71%) concorda que o programa BIOEN está sendo bem sucedidos quanto à produção científica e tecnológica. Quanto às questões de propriedade intelectual, 61% dos líderes relataram pretender solicitar patente com os resultados do projeto, e 5 (11,6%) pesquisadores já haviam passado por terem tido negado material que haviam solicitado, e 11(25,6%)já haviam assinado algum Acordo de transferência de material, sendo que 54% dos líderes já haviam prestado assessorias a empresas. As entrevistas revelaram as dificuldades dos pesquisadores em patentear seus resultados, e que o interesse e o uso dos resultados pelo setor privado está aquém do esperado e a maioria concorda que a prática científica que desenvolvem é adequadamente aplicada ao setor. Portanto, uma governança voltada para conciliação dos diversos interesses - acadêmicos, do setor público e privado ¿ pode promover a integração necessária e fortalecer ainda mais o já bem sucedido setor sucroenergético brasileiro / Abstract: The Bioenergy Program (BIOEN) created in 2008 by FAPESP , had the purpose to establish a scientific- technological research division funding in the bioenergy sector, in particular from the cane sugar biomass. This Program requires for its success a proper link between the university, the needs and demands for technological advances being incorporated by the companies. In this context the issues of intellectual property and new management models in research practices gain importance. This thesis aims to analyze changes in the organizational design of laboratories and research groups financed by BIOEN t and analyze intellectual property issues from the perspective of the political economy of property right. To achieve these objectives was conducted a field study with the use of questionnaire and interviews with 43 research leaders funded by BIOEN. The method of data collection was a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. The questionnaire included questions covering various topics: general characterization of laboratory and human resources ; the source of funding and sharing of expensive equipment; the impact of BIOEN program , as perceived by research leaders in various physical and organizational aspects of the laboratories; evaluation of leaders about the BIOEN mission and the success of the program in many respects, including the enrolment of companies; perception of the leaders on issues relating to intellectual property and freedom to operate and perception of these researchers to the risks and constraints in the development of their projects . The results showed that in 52.9 % funded laboratory technicians , 58 % of students graduate and 61.4% of the post-doc are linked directly to the BIOEN project; 38.9% of the most expensive equipment of these laboratories were funded by BIOEN and 63.9% of the facilities are shared with other research groups in the same institution or another; the program , according to the leaders , had little influence on physical area, but had an important impact on the increase of collaborations, modernization of equipment and production potential; only 16% of leaders strongly agree that partnerships between the academic and industrial laboratories are occurring within the BIOEN , but 80% of them strongly agree that this partnership is important; the majority (71%) agree that BIOEN program is successful in scientific and technological production. The questions on intellectual property, 61% of leaders reported they would like to issue patent applications, and 5 (11.6%) researchers had in one occasion denied material that had been requested, and 11 (25.6%) had signed a material transfer agreement, and 54% of leaders had provided consulting services to companies .The interviews revealed the difficulties that researchers have to patent their findings, and that the use of the results are of private sector interest and by this is less than expected the sector interest and most agree that the scientific practice is properly applied to develop the sector .Thus, a governance aimed at reconciling the various interests - academic, public and private sector - can promote the necessary integration and further strengthen the already successful Brazilian sugarcane industry / Doutorado / Teoria Economica / Doutor em Ciências Econômicas

Orientadores: Rubens Maciel Filho, Jorge Vicente Lopes da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T15:30:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Senedese_AnaLiviaChemeli_M.pdf: 22505646 bytes, checksum: 1c68dba091d7e2e2fc02cd7387c9852e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Em decorrência da grande demanda de transplantes de órgãos e tecidos no Brasil, ha estímulos para criação de terapias alternativas como o desenvolvimento de substitutos biológicos temporários, isto e, scaffolds, através da Bioengenharia e Engenharia Tecidual, descartando a necessidade de doadores. Neste trabalho, foi utilizado o polímero policaprolactona (PCL) para estruturar scaffolds 3D por meio da plataforma experimental de manufatura aditiva Fab@CTI, a qual apresenta um cabeçote de extrusão intercambiável construído para entrada de material em forma de filamento. Uma nova proposta de orientação de raster foi criada para o design dos scaffolds. Foram estruturados scaffolds com raster regular e randômico com poros de 0.25, 0.5 e 1 mm. Analises de Difração de raios-x (DRX), Calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e Espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho com transformada em Fourier (FTIR) foram realizadas para verificar possíveis mudanças nas propriedades térmicas do material durante o processamento. Microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) foi feita para checar a morfologia dos scaffolds e medir o diâmetro dos filamentos extrudados na Fab@CTI alem do espaçamento entre eles. Também foram realizadas analises de citotoxicidade e viabilidade celular com células tronco mesenquimais de tecido adiposo. Ainda, utilizando o software modeFRONTIER, foi feita uma simulação de valores de modulo de compressão do PCL possíveis de serem obtidos. Os resultados de DRX e FTIR não mostraram degradação do PCL e o DSC revelou algumas alterações no ponto de fusão e diminuição da cristalinidade. Os scaffolds não se mostraram tóxicos e os modelos com poros de 0.25 mm e raster regular e randômico foram os que apresentaram viabilidade celular / Abstract: Due to the demand for organs and tissues transplants in Brazil, is indeed the creation of new therapies as the development of temporary biological substitutes, ie, scaffolds, through Bioengineering and Tissue Engineering, discarding the require for donors. In this work, we used the polymer polycaprolactone (PCL) to structure 3D scaffolds by the additive manufacturing experimental platform, Fab@CTI, which presents an interchangeable extrusion head build to filaments materials input. A new proposal for random raster was presented to design the scaffolds. Were structured scaffolds with regular and random raster and pores of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mm. Analysis of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR) were conducted to check for possible changes in thermal properties of the material during the processing. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was done to check the morphology of scaffolds and measure the diameter of filaments extruded at Fab@CTI beyond the distance between them. Analyses of cytotoxicity and cell viability with mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue were also performed. In addition, using the software modeFRONTIER, a simulation of compressive modulus of PCL was done with values possible to obtain. The result of the XRD and FTIR showed no degradation of PCL and DSC revealed some changes in melting point and decrease of crystallinity. The scaffolds were not toxic and models of 0.25 mm pores and both regular and random raster showed cell viability / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Os polihidroxialcanoatos constituem um grupo de poliésteres acumulados por inúmeras bactérias na forma de grânulos intracelulares, que podem representar até 80% da massa seca celular. No presente trabalho, foi avaliado o comportamento de diferentes linhagens quanto a capacidade de metabolizarem ácidos graxos livres e óleo de soja para a produção de biopolímeros e, posteriormente, em biorreator, algumas linhagens selvagens e recombinantes foram testadas na presença ou não de um inibidor da b-oxidação. Experimentos em frascos agitados, mostraram valores de teor de PHA em até cerca de 70% na biomassa total com cerca de 5% de monômeros de cadeia média permitindo selecionar as linhagens Cupriavidus necator e Burkholderia cepacia para os ensaios seguintes. Experimentos em biorreator mostraram que, as variáveis manipuláveis quanto ao fluxo de óleo de soja, de co-substratos e o inibidor de b-oxidação não influenciaram, significativamente, no rendimento de P3HB/3HAmcl formado quando utilizado Burkholderia cepacia IPT-048, entretanto, contribuíram na síntese de 3HV. Durante os ensaios, o aumento do número de cópias do gene phaB em Cupriavidus necator, aparentemente, não contribuíram para o aumento do rendimento de 3HHx, porém, outras variáveis manipuláveis deverão ser propostas para a confirmação. / The poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are a group of polyesters accumulated for several bacteria in the intracellular granule form, that can represent up to 80% of the dry mass cellular. The main advantage of the biopolymers on the synthetic materials is its degradation in the environment. Recycable raw materials can be used as carbon sources for the production biodegradable polymer. Some polymers have appeared in literature having mechanical characteristic considered appropriate in such a way for use in packings (flexible and covering films), how base for controlled release of asset to be applied in the pharmacological-medical and foods area. The P3HB-co-3HAmcl are 3-hydroxybutyrate copolymers and 3-hydroxyacyl of 6 or more carbon atoms which has aroused interest for to present intermediate properties between HB and HAmcl, having taken care of the requirements for diverse applications. Some strains are distinguished, however, assays in bottles agitated with the Cupriavidus sp. and Burkholderia sp. strains, using as substratum greasy free acid and soy oil, had led the promising results. In the present work, first, was evaluated the behavior of different strains (Cupriavidus necator DSM545 IPT-026, C. necator H16 IPT-027, Pseudomonas sp. IPT-066, Burkholderia cepacia IPT-048 and B. sacchari IPT-189) how much to metabolizer capacity of free fatty acids and soybean oil for the production of biopolymers and, later, in tank bioreactor some wild strains and recombinant had been tested together or not of an inhibitor of the boxidation (acid acrylic). Experiments in bottles with agitation, had shown values of PHA in about 70% of the total biomass with about 5% monomers chain average allowing to select the Burkholderia cepacia IPT-048 and Cupriavidus necator DSM545 strains for the following assays. Experiments in tank bioreactor had shown that, the interactions between the substratum, co-substratum and the inhibitor of boxidation had influenced in the amount of formed P3HB/3HAmcl when used the Burkholderia cepacia IPT-048 strains, contributing for the synthesis of 3HV and 3HHx. When used only the soybean oil (5g/L) was gotten an amount of HHx with about 6 mol% with Burkholderia cepacia strains. In this same condition was verified that after some determined period also proved monomer HV in an amount of 0.20 mol%. Adding the acid acrylic (0.18 g/L) were gotten 1.50 mol% of HHx, however, differently of the previous condition the amount of HV varied of 0.91 - 2.77 mol%. A conclusion for the condition soybean oil and acrylic acid is that, the strains is using the acrylic fatty acid as carbon source, or either, the formation of acrylil-CoA with consequent formation of chains with 5 carbons. Similar results had been gotten when analyzed extracted polymer, or either, after the stage of extraction with chloroform was verified that the amount varied of 1.60 - 2.14 mol%. When added to a cosubstratum in the phase of accumulation (caproic fatty acid) and absence of the acrylic acid, it did not have the increase of HHx in relation to the previous variable, as much that, the amount of monomer reached about 0.50 mol%. In this condition, the presence of the acrylic fatty acid also did not contribute for the HV synthesis, not having been observed monomers during the assays. In the following phase, in which we work with Cupriavidus necator and a recombinant (Cupriavidus necator::phaB) strains, was verified that the gotten amount of HHx had been similar, about 0.30 mol%. Our hypothesis, we believe that the increase of the number of copies of the gene phaB could contribute for the increase of the carbon flow in the direction to raise the amount of 3HB how much of other monomers. As in the assays in bottles with agitation substrat caproic and caprylic fatty acids they had been distinguished also when availabled 2g/L and the soybean oil of in a concentration of 5g/L, we analyze the strains recombinant with soybean oil and caprylic fatty acid with 5 g/L. The insistence in the use of the caprylic fatty acid was based on the fact of the possibility of strains to oxidate part of fatty acids for the production of cells and energy and, at the moment that had the nitrogen limitation, to begin the accumulation phase dividing two carbons for the production of acetyl-CoA and the remain of the chain was stored in the form of 3HHx. The caprylic fatty acid disponibility it did not have the monomer attainment, therefore, Cupriavidus necator and Cupriavidus necator::phaB had its replyed inhibited capacity by the substratum. In the added soybean oil bottles with and without the acrylic fatty acid the behavior it was the opposite to the observed with caprylic fatty acid. During the incubation period, for both the strains, the amount of PHA, and consequently, the percentage of 3HB in the dry mass cellular was of 22.95% (100 mol%) and 25.90% (100 mol%) in 28ª and 24ª hours, respectively. In this condition, in the recombinant strains, also was observed the presence of HHx between 32ª and 49ª hour with a maxim amount of 1.10 mol%. From the results it can be concluded that the Burkholderia cepacia is considered a promising strains for the attainment of HHx and HV allowing that soybean oil with and without the acrylic fatty acid, respectively. The increase in the number of copies of the gene phaB in Cupriavidus necator apparently did not contribute with the increase of 3HHx efficiency however, other handling variables will be proposed for confirmation.