M.A. / The aim of this study is to examine the principles which scholars have developed in regard to family planning in Islam. The thesis concentrates on three main areas of family planning viz., contraception, abortion and artificial reproduction. Prior to these three areas being discussed in detail, a brief analysis of the concept of marriage is outlined. Birth control from the Islamic Juridical perspective is discussed, wherein the various contraceptive techniques and devices is illuminated. Views expressed by classical authorities, medical professionals and contemporary experts in regards to the permissibility or prohibition of contraception is given. The study thereafter proceeds to make an appraisal of abortion in Islam. Islamically, abortion is generally prohibited, but it is permitted under extreme extenuating circumstances. This is outlined. The question of artificial reproduction in the case of infertility is discussed whereby scientists seem to have usurped the authority of God, contrary to the teachings of Islam. However, under certain stringent conditions the permissibility of artificial insemination is analyzed. Finally, certain aspects which could not be covered in the scope of this thesis have been left over for future research.

This thesis is an examination of the role of the volunteers in the development of family planning programs in the West and South Asia, and of whether they have a continuing role to play. Through personal experience, interviews and correspondence with some of the leaders, through reports, other readings, and studies of motivation and the provision of family planning services, the writer concludes that the volunteers played an indispensable part. Governments would not have introduced family planning programs if voluntary organizations had not shown that they were needed and feasible. The volunteers laid the groundwork not only for official programs but for a variety of careers in family planning and related fields. They have a continuing role to play as friendly critics in promotion, education, and innovative research, and to , make sure that birth control, once considered to be far to the "Left", becomes firmly entrenched as a Human "Right”. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

A dissertation submitted in the Faculty of Education in partial fulfilment of requirements for a Master’s degree in Educational Psychology at the University of Zululand, 2017. / The current study examines the influence of family birth order on the career choices of students at the University of Zululand. The objectives of the study were: • To establish the extent to which family birth order influence students’ career choices. • To determine whether there is a relationship between the students’ characteristics such as age, gender, race and their career choices. Data was collected using both qualitative and quantitative methodology. The convenience sampling was employed in selecting the thirty students for the study. To collect data unstructured, semi-structured interview questions were formulated and a self-administered questionnaire to address objective number two, Interview questions consisted of close-ended and open-ended questions-which were conducted to the students in determining the influence of their family birth order on their career choices. Qualitative data analysis was employed in order to draw conclusion about the influence of the students’ family birth order on their career choices. Research findings led to the following inferences: Family birth order of students has an influence on their career choices. Some students believed that had they been born before or after their original birth order in the family, they would have chosen a different career. Others believed their birth order position had somehow pressured them to choose different a career from what they had always wanted to do. Other students mentioned that even though their birth order was that of a youngest child in the family, they somehow felt the pressure that is said to be expected by the first born in the family; hence they chose careers that were typically assumed by the first-borns. The findings also revealed that some participants chose their careers because their siblings had followed the same career paths and so they felt it was better to pursue similar a career path as their siblings. Age was one of the factors that might have had an influence on their career choices, the students revealed that their age did play a significant role on their career choices, that if it was not for their age they would have chosen their seemingly “dream careers”. The findings revealed that most students felt their race had an influence on their career choices and that they still felt that if they were a different race, more opportunities were going to be offered to them to choose the careers they wanted. The results revealed that there is a gap between career orientation and the students’ career choices. The findings also revealed that there is a need for psycho-career education for students at the university right from before they enroll in their first year. Based on the findings, recommendations for career counseling, psycho-career education, a more active career guidance center were put forward in order to empower students with career guidance and development.

In August of 1969 abortion became legal in Oregon. About a year later, in October of 1970, the Planned Parenthood Association in Portland began to offer pregnancy testing and counseling as part of their services. This is a new and separate program which is designed to help women find out if they are pregnant as early as possible (at low or no fee) and provide counseling on the problems connected with unwanted pregnancy. This study is based on a sample of women seeking pregnancy counseling at Planned Parenthood in Portland in the calendar year 1971. During that year about 1,230 pregnancy tests were done through the agency: of these, 549 were positive, and 681 were negative. From the 549 positive tests a 20% random sample was drawn by utilizing the terminal digits of 2 and 6 in the six digit clinic number assigned every patient. This sample numbered 113 cases: of these, l09 records were located. The present study is based on data from these 109 records. While the ultimate concern of this study, like that of other research on contraception and abortion, is to develop knowledge useful in reducing unwanted pregnancies, the immediate purpose is to provide Planned Parenthood Association in Portland with information about the new group that it is serving. The study tries to do this by: 1) Comparing this new group with presently available statistics on the total clinic population, 2) Analyzing the attributes of this special group of clients: the pregnancy counseling group, 3) Making recommendations to the agency on forms, procedures and recording which the researcher feels will improve the service to this group, and 4) Making suggestions as to further research that would develop additional information helpful in serving these clients. The major effort in this study is to display the information derived from the sample in a way which will be useful to both the agency and to others doing research in the field of contraception and abortion.

BACKGROUND: A human rights-based approach (HRBA) to maternal health care is generally recognized as key to improving quality and acceptability of care. Yet examples of a HRBA in practice are limited. Crises exacerbate underlying challenges in current approaches to maternal child healthcare (MCH) and provide an ideal, if unfortunate, opportunity to assess alternatives. The midwifery model of care is a HRBA based on the relationship between the midwife and woman. It is appropriate for the majority of healthy pregnant women, and has been found to provide safe, cost effective, evidence based, and satisfying care. Yet midwives working in the medical model may struggle to fully express midwifery. A quasi-experimental design was used to assess the impact of three models of care on women’s experiences of respectful care, trust and their fear and knowledge around COVID-19, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The models were: the fully enabled midwifery (“FEM”) model in a midwifery center, the midwifery and medicine (“MAM”) model in facilities with midwives working alongside medical practitioners, and the no midwifery (“NoM”) model in facilities without midwives. METHODS: Phone survey data were collected and analyzed from all women (n=1191) who delivered from Jan 2020-June 2020 at 7 health care facilities in Bangladesh. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA, post hoc Tukey and effect size analyses were used to explore the relationships between the models, outcomes and time periods. Linear regression was used to explore relationships between outcomes, models and covariates. RESULTS: The experiences of respectful care, and trust were significantly higher (p=<0.01) and the experience of COVID fear/stigma was significantly lower (p=<0.01) for women who gave birth in the FEM model, compared to the other models, in both the pre and pandemic periods, with the exception of respectful care compared to the MAM model in the pre-pandemic period. CONCLUSION: Midwives, when working in the fully enabled environment of midwifery centers, provided care that was positively related to women’s experience of care. As midwives are used in many countries to prevent maternal mortality, the importance of an enabling environment should not be overlooked. Midwifery centers are an example of an HRBA that should be considered wherever midwives work and considered an important response during a crisis. / 2023-01-24T00:00:00Z

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate whether the environment created by being born in a specific birth order and/or family size affects individuals’ general intelligence, or g. Based on the phenomenon of rising Intelligence Quotient (IQ) scores observed across generations, the fact that IQ and g are highly correlated and that most, if not all, between-family variables have been shown not to produce the rising effect, it was hypothesized that there could be a significant difference in g scores of siblings of the same family and those of different sized families born in the same position. Birth order and family size could be argued to encompass most within-family factors that result in influencing the family environment and its influence on each child within it. Each child is part of the same within-family environment, however, within this framework each individual’s experience is different, accounting for the non-shared environment effects. This notion is supported by two models which attribute varying levels of IQ to children of the same family based on their birth order and family size. The Confluence and the Resource Dilution Models were discussed as possible explanations of what happens to g levels, should any difference between birth order and family size be uncovered. Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM) were used to quantify the participants’ g levels with respect to the two research questions. Girl only families participated in this study to eliminate developmental factors between girls and boys of the same age. Siblings’ scores were compared for birth-order effects and the scores of children from the various sized families were compared for family size effects. Repeated measures analysis of variance was applied to test for birth order effects. One-way analysis of variance and one sample t tests were applied to test for family size effects. No significant birth-order effects were found, however, the pattern of achieved means increased with birth order which is in opposition to both models. The one significant finding for family size came in the form of the second borns of two daughters outperforming the second borns of three daughters. The findings and the trends of the achieved means between all birth order and family size variant groups were examined in light of findings of previous research on this topic.

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In reading the literature on family planning among Puerto Ricans one is struck by the paucity of studies of the decisionmaking process behind the choices for controlling reproduction as well as by the almost exclusive focus on the lower end of the social class spectrum. Indeed, some of the more recent work to come out in this field has begun to point to this lacunae in our knowledge (Gonzalez, et al., 1980). This study proposes to begin to fill this gap by comparatively examining the multiple variables that play a role in the decisions made around family planning by mainland Puerto Ricans of both low and middle class backgrounds. Special emphasis will be given to sterilization, since it seems to be the most common contraceptive method of both island and mainland Puerto Ricans (Stycos, 1955; Scrimshaw et al., 1971).

No description available.