Stigand occupied a place in or near power for at least fifty years and yet has only been studied very peripherally and in reference to others. He has been vilified or lauded by historians ever since the Conquest. His wealth and methods of acquisition of wealth as well as his political activity have been used to paint him as an ambitious prelate interested only in power and motivated by greed. His unusual advancement to the see of Canterbury and apparent disregard for papal strictures caused him to be used as representative of all of the faults of the Anglo-Saxon Church. Other commentators took the opposite approach and portrayed him as a hero and patriot who resisted the Conqueror until he could no longer put off defeat. Neither of these interpretations is likely to be accurate and neither is wholly supported by the surviving evidence. Much of Stigand’s early life is undocumented and must be inferred within reasonable limits. Most of the sources in which extensive comment about Stigand can be found are post-Conquest and contribute their own particular challenges to discovering the facts about a largely pre-Conquest life. Based on monastic chronicles, Domesday Book, legal documents and the writings of Mediæval historians and commentators, in order to define the context in which he lived and worked including the politics of the English church, the kingdom, the Apostolic See and his lay associates this study is an attempt to clarify the life and career of Stigand, the last and extremely controversial Anglo-Saxon Archbishop of Canterbury.

This study examines the life of Henry of Winchester (c.1099-1171) and his relation to the development of the English church in the twelfth century. It presents the case for considering Henry's close association to Cluniac monasticism and speaks to some of the tensions which existed between Henry and St Bernard of Clairvaux. It focuses primarily on Henry's contribution to the ecclesiastical reform movement and his importance as a leading figure in ecclesiastical government during the crisis of King Stephen's reign (1135-1154). In addition, it considers Henry's role as one of the twelfth century's most prominent art patrons. By considering his activities as monk, bishop, statesman and art patron, this study shows how Henry of Winchester was a prominent force in religious and secular life during a period of political unrest and ecclesiastical change.

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