Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) is a transformative government policy of South Africa. It was developed to achieve several key outcomes which include; transferral of wealth and factors of production (capital, land, labour and entrepreneurship) to the previously disadvantaged black population; ensure the development of skills and employment equity; and to facilitate the development of a black middle class. This would manifest through both the transfer through ownership as well as creation of new enterprises by this new black middle class. A qualitative research method was adopted for this study to gain insights from relevant experts/participants or players in the BEE arena. These participants were beneficiaries, political commentators or financiers of BEE transactions. The research instruments included face-to-face in-depth recorded interviews with questionnaires to obtain the expert’s views on the issue of BEE and its impact on Wealth Creation in South Africa. The results obtained revealed that BEE has had no impact on Wealth Creation for the South African economy. However, individuals often those with political connections have made personal wealth through patronage. The view is that government implement complementary strategies for growth like an Industrial Policy supported by DFIs and other incentives. The ownership element of BEE must be done away with in favour of a focus on enterprise development, Affirmative Action and Skills Development. Copyright / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has become the main source of development capital for emerging markets in the current globalised world. Previous researches have found that fiscal incentives’ capability to attract FDI is very limited, while removal of policy restriction is a determinant in attracting FDI. At the same time, South Africa has embarked on a major transformation programme – Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment – which has as its main target the need to increase black people’s participation in the economy and to reduce socio-economic inequality. In this context, this research attempts to evaluate the impact of the Broad-Based BEE programme on South Africa’s capability to attract FDI. This quantitative research was done using quasi-experimental methodology, comparing FDI inflows into South Africa with that of other emerging countries of a similar level of development, such as Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Nigeria and Botswana, and against the African continent as a whole. The tests performed give an indication that Broad-Based BEE is indeed impacting on South Africa’s capability to attract FDI, and also that South Africa is losing competitiveness in attracting FDI on the continent. Since the results cannot be generalised nor prove a causal relationship, the main purpose of this research is to enrich the discussion of how to attract more FDI inflows into South Africa, possibly through adjusting the Broad-Based BEE policies, which will contribute to building national competitiveness. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

A nation’s competitiveness depends on the capacity of the nation’s individual firm’s operating within various industry clusters to continually innovate and upgrade at a pace faster than firm’s in competing nations. The nature and sophistication of local demand is an ingredient to stimulating innovation within local firms. Intense local competition can also lead to an advanced industry cluster, while government policies can also stimulate or stifle competition. The South African government introduced Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) legislation commonly referred to as BEE as a means to stimulate the participation of the previously sidelined black population in the mainstream economy with the objective of upgrading the size and nature of local demand while reducing poverty and inequality. This study is exploratory in nature and investigates the notion that most black owned companies emerging under the period of this BEE legislation will collapse when the legislation is removed as they have not been exposed to unprotected competition. Insight drawn from the study was used to develop recommendations to key stakeholders. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

‘The state wants laws reviewed to turn around Black Economic Empowerment (BEE)’ Pressly, D (2007, p1) Business Report. Is it Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) or Black Economic Self Enrichment or Black Economic Embezzlement or Black Economic Disempowerment? According to many experts BEE has failed dismally, been very slow in helping transfer wealth to all black South Africans and balance economic power in a country that has one of the highest income inequalities by race, and gender (Bhorat&Kanbur, 2006; Gqubule, 2006 and Radebe, 2007). Therefore the aim of this study is to gain an in-depth understanding of the Afrikaner Economic Empowerment (AEE) initiatives that led to the entire volk being economically, politically and socially empowered (Terreblanche, 2006 and Giliomee, 2003). Then draw lessons that will help enhance the effectiveness of BEE. In-depth literature review of AEE and BEE history to date was reviewed. Fourteen, semi structured interviews were conducted with well-known South African Afrikaner Economic Empowerment (AEE) and Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) experts (see Appendix D). The information received was analysed using a mixture of content, discourse, narrative and constant comparative analysis. The snowballing sampling technique helped produce experts who had minimum 15 years and over 40 years experience, collectively with experience exceeding 250 years. The key findings from the study revealed that the variables that shaped AEE were similar to the current BBBEE Generic Scorecard (Appendix C: Table 5). However the major learning’s for BEE as identified by the experts: AEE scorecard (see Table 3) included a savings culture and social (cultural, identity, language, and self-sacrifice) re-engineering. However when evaluating AEE, one needs to take history into account, AEE happened at a time when economies were closed vs. globalisation, sanctions forced Afrikaners to be self sufficient. In order to empower all Afrikaners which constituted less than ten per cent of the population Blacks had to be excluded, economically disempowered using various apartheid laws. Most of experts concluded that BEE context has been heavily influenced by globalisation, democracy, free market. We hope the findings from this study will have a positive impact on BEE. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

A dissertation of limited scope submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Masters in Recreation and Tourism in the Centre for Recreation and Tourism at the University of Zululand, 2007. / The tourism industry is considered as the key towards Black people empowerment in uMhlathuze Municipality. This study examine whether Black Economic Empowerment [BEE] in tourism can contribute to the upliftment of Black people. Hence, the aim of this research inquiry, among other things, was to assess the impact and potential of the BEE policy towards promotion of tourism entrepreneurship among Black people in the study area. The aim was simplified into objectives also used to guide this study: The objectives focussed on examining the understanding, awareness, access to the BEE finances and the roles of stakeholders. The promotion of entrepreneurship among the Black people was view in this study as critical for success of the BEE policy in tourism. A research method followed by this study was the survey technique, using self-administered questionnaire. The structured survey used closed ended objective questions. A sample of 160 respondents was acquired, based on a statistical population of about 300 000 people in the study area. The collected data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences [SPSS] computer programme. The tabled numerical data was analysed. Literature was used to comprehend, give insight on the issues that needed investigation, to support the findings as well as to make conclusions. This study found that the BEE policy has the potential to contribute towards tourism entrepreneurship within the study area. The Black people were not sufficiently involved in the ownership of tourism businesses. The study has found that there is a lack of entrepreneurship skill access to information and finance for BEE related entrepreneurial activities. The uMhlathuze Municipality lacks the capacity to monitor the implementation of the BEE. The study concludes by suggesting that, because of the found shortcomings, the aims of the Black Economic Empowerment policy are not realised by the majority of Black people in the study area.

Abstract The article reflects on the progress the South African government is making in realising the imperatives of a developmental state. It examines contemporary engagements on the issue of a developmental state. At the outset, the article unpacks the theoretical antecedents of a developmental state to develop a framework for analysis. In the context of this framework, the article argues that a developmental state is premised on two dimensions, namely social and economic. These dimensions are used as a framework to understand how South Africa fares as a developmental state. In engaging with this question, the article makes an observation that, notwithstanding service delivery challenges in the country, the government is seemingly making significant strides in its attempts to realise the social imperatives of a developmental state. On the economic front, a similar deduction is difficult to make as debates in this regard are so polarised. The article recommends that research on Black Economic Empowerment and its impact in maximising citizen participation in the mainstream economy should be undertaken.

The systematic dispossession and disempowerment of black people has historically defined South Africa. In response, an equally systematic approach is required to eradicate memories of the past through deliberate and purposeful legislation that reaches across the breadth and width of our nation. One of the driving forces within our nation is the private sector and for this study, the mining industry and the peripheral industries to it were targeted. Against the backdrop of the past, a new future that embraces all South Africans must emerge. Hence, this study investigates the efforts made by suppliers to the mining industry in sincerely incorporating Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) into the very design of their organizations The research methodology used was a survey. The population of this study is suppliers to the mining industry situated in Gauteng. A cross-sectional sample was randomly chosen and a short questionnaire e-mailed to participants. The findings prove many organizations are still at a loss on how to embrace BBBEE and are often confused on implementation. Although strategies are in place, there is very little coordinated effort to execute these strategies in a planned and controlled manner. There appears to be significant misfit between policy and practice. Some recommendations in this paper address the importance of BBBEE being made a defining core value of the organization. Another salient recommendation was for organizations to have enhanced operational execution of strategic policies to realize the desired impact. These key findings will not materialize without dedicated leadership to create meaning throughout the organization on the magnitude of BBBEE to South African, both politically and economically thereby co-creating value for shareholders. In closing, the words of famous Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle seem most appropriate for all South African with regards to BBBEE. 'We do not act rightly because we have virtue or excellence, but we rather have those because we have acted rightly.' (Valuebasedquotes: 2005) / Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006.

This research is aimed at finding empirical evidence to support the relationship between Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) compliance and the financial performance of South African companies on the JSE. An independent measure of the BEE score was obtained from the Empowerdex Top Empowerment Companies (TEC) ranking from 2004 to 2009. 14 sectors on the JSE were selected to ensure inclusion of all major industries in South Africa. A total of 209 companies were selected, and the multivariate exploratory technique of Cluster Analysis was used. The predictor variable of the company’s BEE status was then compared to a number of financial performance indicators such as annual share price, price-tobook value ratio and the price-to-earnings ratio (i.e. the outcome variables). By standardising the variables of the BEE score and using Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), the k-means Clustering method yielded four interpretable clusters with 15, 64, 95 and 35 companies respectively. The finding indicate that only in the case of the cluster of companies that increased it’s BEE score, were all three profitability measures significantly different and, according to the means, in the direction of higher profitability. However, there were no significant differences in the results to support the proposition that low-BEE scores of companies had a negative impact on their profitability and their firm’s value over time. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

This study endeavoured to establish, specifically, the effectiveness of enterprise development initiatives within the McCarthy Ltd franchised dealer network and also to understand their low occurrence within the group. Effective implementation of enterprise development initiatives within McCarthy Ltd franchised dealer network would also mean compliance to the BBBEE codes of good practice. The study found that there was a lot of optimism among dealer principals to introduce and manage the concept of enterprise development within the group. A convenience sample of dealer principals from within the group countrywide was taken as well as that of beneficiary enterprises initiatives operating countrywide as well for this study. The actual occurrence of enterprise development within the McCarthy Ltd franchised dealer network however was not encouraging, at least based on the actual reported initiatives in existence. The study found that there was a significant gap between the requirements of start-up or early stage enterprises and requirements of maturing to mature businesses. It also indicated that dealer principals were not necessaril y always adequately equipped to deal with the requirements of beneficiary enterprise requirements and hence the low occurrence or lack of introduction of enterprise development initiatives on a much wider scale. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) are an ubiquitous feature of modern corporate landscape. Most are entered into for various synergistic (voluntary) reasons whilst some, such as broad-based black economic empowerment (BBBEE) M&As, are driven largely by legislative requirements. Research has shown that the factors that lead to the success or failure of voluntary M&As are many and complex.Whilst there is a plethora of literature regarding the success factors for voluntary M&As, there is, however, a paucity of academic literature on the qualitative factors that lead to the success or failure of BBBEE M&As, despite quantitative studies showing the benefits of BBBEE M&As. Because of the significance of BBBEE to the economic development of the country, policy makers, academics and business people need to fully understand such factors.Given the dearth of academic literature on the subject, a qualitative, exploratory study conducted by way of face to face, expert, semi-structured interviews, was undertaken to answer the research problem.The study found that whilst BBBEE M&As are similar, in some respects, to voluntary M&As, BBBEE M&As require different or additional success factors to those applicable to voluntary M&As. Some of these are: funding structure, transaction rationale, expectations‟ alignment, clear deliverables, active governance, operational involvement, relationship management, transformation and social investment. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted