This paper interrogates the nature of loyalty and disloyalty to Spain in the Philippines during the British occupation of Manila in 1762-1764. It examines the identity and motivations of the thousands of soldiers who joined Simón de Anda’s army that mobilized against the British invaders, as well the Indigenous people who rose up in rebellion in the provinces to the north of Manila during this period, in order to preserve Spanish colonial rule. It also considers the nature of infidelity to Spain in the occupied Philippines. This paper argues that, in a large part due to the cohesiveness of Catholicism among converted Indians, the Spanish empire in the Philippines proved remarkably resilient under the pressure of invasion and occupation. The Black Legend blinded the British to the complexities of the real balance of power in in Manila and the Philippines during the Seven Years War. / text

The aim of my project is to show how the lives, strategies and attitudes of Huguenot printers of the late sixteenth century both reflected and influenced the self-image of Protestant Europeans. Historians of the book such as Roger Chartier and Adrian Johns have argued that the process of printing includes several components which are easily overlooked by historians interested in exploring thoughts and attitudes. My project attempts to put these insights to practical use by demonstrating how printers were as integral to the process of reading as were readers and writers. I investigate the lives, social networks, and business strategies of a pair of successful Huguenot printers of Geneva, Jean Crespin and Eustache Vignon. My investigation shows how they relied on cooperative, international networks to practice their business and that this fostered a practical, cosmopolitan attitude among them. I then examine Jean Crespin’s most famous work, the Livre des Martyrs, showing how it supplied the needs of his readers for a sense of meaning an community. I show how this work changed over time in response to changing needs and circumstances, as seen most dramatically in the version which Eustache Vignon produced after his partner’s death. Finally, I examine how Vignon – along with other Protestant printers of his time – began to produce books about the New World. I argue that these New World Works, reflecting the printers’ cosmopolitan perspective, promoted a more ecumenical vision of Christianity and a universal ethic based on kindness and justice.

La personnalité de l’empereur, le bilan de son règne ont suscité toujours de nombreuses discussions tant en France qu’à l’étranger et la Russie n’a pas fait exception. Le corpus poétique et historique consacré à Napoléon a retenu mon attention car je me suis demandé quelles ont été les causes de la naissance du mythe napoléonien en Russie et comment sa perception a évolué au fil du temps. En analysant les ouvrages écrits par les historiens russes entre la chute de Napoléon et le début du XXe siècle et les œuvres littéraires des écrivains de cette période, on voit les changements dans l’image de l’empereur. La légende noire était de courte durée et après sa mort Napoléon devint le héros préféré des poètes tandis que les historiens essayèrent d’expliquer les événements ayant eu lieu en Europe au début du siècle. Le transfert des cendres de Napoléon marqua l’apogée de la légende ; en Russie elle commença à s’effacer après la mort de Lermontov et surtout après la parution de Guerre et Paix de Tolstoï. Au début du XXe siècle le mythe napoléonien n’émerveillait plus les poètes russes mais les historiens s’intéressèrent de plus en plus à l’époque impériale, aux relations franco-russes, à la politique intérieure de Napoléon. L’alliance franco-russe et le centenaire de la guerre de 1812 influencèrent positivement les études historiques mais les événements survenus après 1917 ont donné à la légende une autre dimension et d’autres significations. / Napoleon’s personality and the results of his reign have always been a source of discussion both in France and elsewhere, nor is Russia an exception to this rule. The corpus of poems and writings on Napoleon attracted my attention: what were the causes of the birth of the Napoleonic myth in Russia, and how did attitudes towards the French emperor change over time? Analysis not only of works by Russian historians written after Napoleon’s death up to the beginning of the 20th century, but also of literary works from the same period, reveals changes in the image of the Emperor. The black legend lasted for only a brief time, and after his death Napoleon became a hero for poets. And historians looked positively on the emperor as they attempted to explain the events that had taken place in Europe at the beginning of the century. The transfer of Napoleon’s mortal remains back to France in 1840 marks the apogee of the golden legend. In Russia, this legend began to wane after the death of Lermontov and especially after the publication of Tolstoy’s War and Peace. At the beginning of the 20th century, whilst the Napoleonic myth no longer excited Russian poets, historians on the other hand grew more and more interested in imperial period, Franco-Russian relations, and Napoleon’s internal policy. The Franco-Russian alliance and the centenary of the Campaign of 1812 influenced historical studies positively, but the events occurring in Russia after 1917 gave the legend another dimension and other meanings.

in English The master thesis is concerned with the analysis and interpretation of English written travelogues of the second half of the 18th century, which described Spain and Portugal. I work with two original texts and one translation from Italian, all texts were popular among their readers. The main goal of the thesis is to create the complex image of both respective countries and their inhabitants, based on the analysis of travelogues. As the fundamental concept of the thesis, I use so-called Black Legend, the negative view of the Iberian Peninsula originating in the 16th century. At the same time, the aim of the thesis is to compare the images in all works and come to more general conclusions about English perception of Spain and Portugal. Keywords: Spain, Portugal, travelogues, image of the Other, Black Legend, Southey, Baretti, Young

in English The master thesis is concerned with the analysis and interpretation of English written travelogues of the second half of the 18th century, which described Spain and Portugal. I work with two original texts and one translation from Italian, all the texts which were popular among their readers. The main goal of the thesis is to create the complex image of both respective countries and their inhabitants, based on the analysis of travelogues. During the analysis, I use the concept of stereotype as defined by Walther Lippmann. I also use so-called Black Legend, the negative view of the Iberian Peninsula originating in the 16th century. At the same time, the aim of the thesis is to compare the images in all works and come to more general conclusions about English perception of Spain and Portugal. Keywords: Spain, Portugal, travelogues, image of the Other, Black Legend, Southey, Baretti, Young

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