<p> Colleges and universities have experienced student activism against campus racial climate. This study examined the concerns and protests of Black students related to racial climate and determined how the administration responded on three private campuses. Qualitative content analysis of videos, images, and social media was used to analyze by individual institutions and across the institutions to determine similarities and differences. Data across the institutions was discussed by context, students&rsquo; protests, and response. Students&rsquo; climate concerns were in terms of the support they did or did not have and a lack of diverse faculty, staff, and students. The Black students&rsquo; protests were to disrupt the norms of the institutions. Using social media to organize, students conducted sit-ins, occupied buildings, and blocked streets. In response, the administration met with protesters, allowed them space to protest, and published statements. The recommendations include changes in diversity policies and support of interventions for the administration.</p>

<p> Historically, Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) need a systematic planning process for coping with, responding to, preparing for, mitigating, and recovering from disasters. The increase in disasters makes the need for comprehensive emergency management at HBCUs paramount. The problem is that there is no evidence that a systematic planning process is being engaged by HBCUs in an effort to address disasters. The purpose of this case study was to explore the planning process used to develop and implement comprehensive emergency management, which provides a systematic process for dealing with disasters. Information that was collected revealed 7 themes relevant to this case study. Four of the 7 themes were predetermined--(a) get organized, (b) identify hazards, (c) develop a plan, and (d) implement the plan--and three additional themes emerged during in-depth analysis: (e) leadership commitment, (f) skill and knowledge, and (g) cooperation and collaboration. Recommendations for action, further studies, and future research concerns were provided from the results of this study that will be important to policy makers, practitioners, and the sustainability of HBCUs in the future.</p>

<p> This case study examined how the campus culture influences the existence of a Black cultural center and a multicultural center at a predominantly White university. A qualitative ethnography was conducted using focus group interviews, personal interviews, archival research, and anecdotal observation. The results of the study identified five themes: (a) from isolation to insulation, (b) opportunities for involvement, (c) the perception problem, (d) challenges of change, and (e) leadership commitment.</p><p> A Pinchback model of relevance for cultural centers for predominantly White campuses was created for practitioners and administrators seeking ideas for making cultural centers relevant at their respective institutions. The model features external forces that influence campus culture and the forces within the campus culture that influence the cultural centers. The role of the cultural center is shown as broadening the difficult conversations around race, diversity, and inclusion.</p>

<p> Community colleges enroll nearly half of the students in public undergraduate programs and a disproportionate number of first-generation, low-income, underprepared, and minority students. The new national completion agenda initiated by President Barack Obama had brought both visibility and pressure to community colleges, which had completion rates of less than 25% for first-time and full-time African-American students and even lower rates for part-time students. When comparing four-year collegiate institutions with community colleges, more African-American males had enrolled into community colleges because of open admission policies, a variety of program offerings, and convenient locations. In contrast, community colleges had more likely lost these particular students because of employment, leniency within admission policies, and personal challenges. A qualitative case study provided some lacking reasons why these students drop out, and these circumstances may subsequently lead to indications of how to decrease the community college dropout rate. The specific problem of interest is the perceptions and experiences that African-American male students had for dropping out of community college before attaining a certificate or associate&rsquo;s degree or transferring to a four-year institution. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore the perceptions and lived experiences of African-American male community college students regarding college dropout. The participants of this study were 10 African-American male former community college students who withdrew from an urban multi-campus in North Texas without transferring to a four-year college or university, or without attaining a certificate or associate&rsquo;s degree from the community college. Participants were students formerly enrolled at the institution for at least one entire two-semester year. Recommendations concerning these students should be advised on the pros and cons of being employed while attending school during their initial counseling appointment with college personnel. Students should be informed on the difficulties, stress, and anxiety they may receive balancing their job with employment. Advisors should assist these students with skills such as time management and organization to reduce stress and anxiety. If permissible, advisors should also collaborate with students to plan class schedules that may be more flexible concerning their employment. Counseling services also need to be available to assist with stress, anxiety, and other difficulties and uncertainties. Faculty should also be involved to the extent of modifying assignments, tests, etc., in order to assist student success. </p><p> On the other hand, students may need to look at classes that are available online as well as seek job opportunities that have flexible work days and times. Community colleges should create an environment that is deeply rooted in the college and outside community. College administrators, community leaders, and other stakeholders may need to create student-friendly employers, which could be advertised in the college newspaper, or school&rsquo;s website. These types of employers could provide student friendly policies such as daycare and tuition reimbursement plans, merchandise discounts, and flexible work schedules. The second recommendation is to make sure African-American male students are engaged with the community college to encompass efficient academic advisement, career counseling, college transfer, and support services. The third recommendation is that this particular group of students may need to be provided mentors. Community leaders and other stakeholders who are men of color should be part of the educational experience for African-American males in college to show them what can happen with hard work and attaining a college degree. This particular group of students needs to be viewed holistically, and mentors may provide a personable, positive connection to keep these students in college.</p><p>