When the author sets out to use anthropology to understand his physical blindness, he discovers a dialectical tension between empirical observation versus heuristics that is held in common by both ethnography and disability. Ensuing discussions synthesize personal experience with the history of anthropology and the philosophy of science in order to construct a critical dialogue in which blindness can be understood anthropologically, while the individuality of the experience of blindness ultimately pushes ethnography past its generic limits. The essays argue that the study of cultural differences cannot apprehend disability processually. Disability is instead properly understood as an unshared individual difference dissociated from communicative practice and learned practices of embodiment, dissociated as well by ethnographic accounts of collective practices. Individual difference is disabling; meanwhile, ideologically, the visible products of disability are driven into the individual body, qualifying it as disabled, without reference to the generative process. This exploration becomes an application of "reflexive anthropology," which departs qualitatively from the conventional project of ethnography by centering critical attention on the interlocutory field that includes the anthropologist as a fully invested participant. It remediates the situated cultural production of one's own knowledge and experience, which opens the possibility to become attentive to the individual differences that constitute the present. The essays historicize three advents in interpretive anthropology: the repulsion of the study of mind by the study of interpretation, the flirtation with and rapid domestication of the self within the representation of the other, and the divorce between the critical study of texts versus the empirical study of language. The approach incorporates discourse pragmatics and practice theory, but also post-objectivist sensibilities. However, the discourse of affirmation associated with poststructuralism is here replaced with one stemming from suffering and disability. Collectively, the essays argue that the ethical practice of "thinking anthropologically" outside ethnography, by students and anthropologists as students, warrants programmatic attention.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-12-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:44:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 narikawa_s_dr_botfm.pdf: 800677 bytes, checksum: 3e94c5a65b9664f4409c9bb8f9d65505 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde existem no mundo 285 milhões de pessoas com deficiência visual. As prevalências de cegueira e baixa visão são diferentes em cada país e suas causas principais podem variar. Além disso, alguns fatores podem estar associados a deficiência visual. Uma vez que no Brasil os estudos envolvendo grupos populacionais ainda são escassos, e que os mesmos podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento de políticas de saúde, o presente estudo foi realizado. Avaliar a prevalência de cegueira e baixa visão, assim como suas principais causas e associações com fatores sócio demográficos, hábitos e doenças sistêmicas no Município de Pratânia – SP. Foi realizado um estudo transversal de base populacional no Município de Pratânia – SP. Os dados foram coletados através do atendimento da população utilizando uma unidade móvel para exame oftalmológico e as instalações da unidade básica de saúde do Município. Foram considerados elegíveis todos os habitantes com idade maior ou igual a 40 anos. Foram avaliadas a acuidade visual apresentada e com a melhor correção, utilizando a tabela de Snellen e segundo a classificação da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Além do atendimento oftalmológico, foi realizado um amplo questionário sobre hábitos e doenças sistêmicas assim como um exame clínico de cada indivíduo. O teste T de Student foi utilizado para comparar variáveis contínuas e o qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fischer para variáveis contínuas. Para múltiplas comparações, foi utilizada a análise de variância (ANOVA) e o método de Bonferroni para correção de múltiplas comparações. O modelo de regressão logística foi utilizado para análises univariadas e multivariadas de possíveis fatores associados a cegueira ou baixa visão. Foram avaliadas 681 pessoas (taxa de aderência de 64,4%). Segundo a acuidade visual apresentada, eram portadores de... / According to the World Health Organization, there are in the World 285 million people with visual impairments. The prevalence of blindness and low vision are different in each country and their main causes can vary. In addition, some factors may be associated with visual impairment. Considering that in Brazil studies involving population groups are still scarce, and that they can assist in the development of health policies, this study was conducted. To evaluate the prevalence of blindness and low vision, as well as its main causes and associations with socio-demographic factors, habits and systemic diseases in the City of Pratânia - SP. We performed a cross-sectional population-based study in the city of Pratânia - SP. Data were collected through the examination of the population using a mobile unit for eye examination and the facilities of the basic health unit in the city. We considered eligible all inhabitants aged greater than or equal to 40 years. We evaluated presenting visual acuity and the visual acuity with best correction using the Snellen chart and according to the classification of the World Health Organization. Besides eye examination, it was conducted an extensive interview on habits and systemic diseases as well as a clinical examination of each individual. The Student’s t- test was used to compare continuous variables and chi-square or Fisher exact test for continuous variables. For multiple comparisons, it was used the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Bonferroni method to correct for multiple comparisons. The logistic regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analysis of possible factors associated with blindness or low vision. A total of 681 people participated in the study (adherence rate of 64.4%). Considering presenting visual acuity, the prevalence of low vision was 4.1% and 2.1% was blind. Considering the visual acuity with best correction, the ...

Orientador: Silvana Artioli Schellini / Banca: Flavio Hirai / Banca: Antonio Carlos Lotelli Rodrigues / Banca: Jayter Silva de Paula / Banca: Maria Rosa Bet de Moraes Silva / Resumo: Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde existem no mundo 285 milhões de pessoas com deficiência visual. As prevalências de cegueira e baixa visão são diferentes em cada país e suas causas principais podem variar. Além disso, alguns fatores podem estar associados a deficiência visual. Uma vez que no Brasil os estudos envolvendo grupos populacionais ainda são escassos, e que os mesmos podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento de políticas de saúde, o presente estudo foi realizado. Avaliar a prevalência de cegueira e baixa visão, assim como suas principais causas e associações com fatores sócio demográficos, hábitos e doenças sistêmicas no Município de Pratânia - SP. Foi realizado um estudo transversal de base populacional no Município de Pratânia - SP. Os dados foram coletados através do atendimento da população utilizando uma unidade móvel para exame oftalmológico e as instalações da unidade básica de saúde do Município. Foram considerados elegíveis todos os habitantes com idade maior ou igual a 40 anos. Foram avaliadas a acuidade visual apresentada e com a melhor correção, utilizando a tabela de Snellen e segundo a classificação da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Além do atendimento oftalmológico, foi realizado um amplo questionário sobre hábitos e doenças sistêmicas assim como um exame clínico de cada indivíduo. O teste T de Student foi utilizado para comparar variáveis contínuas e o qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fischer para variáveis contínuas. Para múltiplas comparações, foi utilizada a análise de variância (ANOVA) e o método de Bonferroni para correção de múltiplas comparações. O modelo de regressão logística foi utilizado para análises univariadas e multivariadas de possíveis fatores associados a cegueira ou baixa visão. Foram avaliadas 681 pessoas (taxa de aderência de 64,4%). Segundo a acuidade visual apresentada, eram portadores de ... / Abstract: According to the World Health Organization, there are in the World 285 million people with visual impairments. The prevalence of blindness and low vision are different in each country and their main causes can vary. In addition, some factors may be associated with visual impairment. Considering that in Brazil studies involving population groups are still scarce, and that they can assist in the development of health policies, this study was conducted. To evaluate the prevalence of blindness and low vision, as well as its main causes and associations with socio-demographic factors, habits and systemic diseases in the City of Pratânia - SP. We performed a cross-sectional population-based study in the city of Pratânia - SP. Data were collected through the examination of the population using a mobile unit for eye examination and the facilities of the basic health unit in the city. We considered eligible all inhabitants aged greater than or equal to 40 years. We evaluated presenting visual acuity and the visual acuity with best correction using the Snellen chart and according to the classification of the World Health Organization. Besides eye examination, it was conducted an extensive interview on habits and systemic diseases as well as a clinical examination of each individual. The Student's t- test was used to compare continuous variables and chi-square or Fisher exact test for continuous variables. For multiple comparisons, it was used the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Bonferroni method to correct for multiple comparisons. The logistic regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analysis of possible factors associated with blindness or low vision. A total of 681 people participated in the study (adherence rate of 64.4%). Considering presenting visual acuity, the prevalence of low vision was 4.1% and 2.1% was blind. Considering the visual acuity with best correction, the ... / Doutor

Vision impairment profoundly affects older people, yet we do not know specifically which areas of daily living are most affected by vision impairment. Nor do we know how daily levels of activity and independence differ for this population compared to others their age. Understanding these differences can enhance goal-setting practices and improve rehabilitation services for older individuals with impaired vision. This study examined activity, independence and life satisfaction of older adults living in the Manawatu region of the North Island of New Zealand, using an adapted model of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. The adapted model introduced subjective dimensions of functioning including satisfaction with activity, independence and life. This study was conducted with registered members of the Royal New Zealand Foundation of the Blind and with a random selection of registered voters in the region. Results indicated that both age and vision impairment had significant main effects on activity and independence. An interaction of age and vision had effect on the number of recently relinquished activities participants reported, social comparisons of activity and independence, and on satisfaction with independence and with life. An examination of age cohorts assisted in an improved understanding of daily functioning for this population. Unique findings were that social comparison of activity and satisfaction with social support contributed more to overall life satisfaction than did activity and independence levels. Unexpectedly, the oldest age cohort of those with impaired vision reported a higher level of overall life satisfaction than did their sighted peers in the oldest age cohort or younger cohorts with impaired vision. Results of this study will enable a better understanding of daily life for older people, and the differences which can be attributed to vision impairment. Older people and those that provide rehabilitation services to them can use this information to set more realistic and appropriate goals for rehabilitation. The results of this study will also allow those involved in personnel preparation programmes to develop curricula to improve new practitioners' understanding of typical daily life of older people with and without impaired vision.