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Påträngande och störande annonser har blivit alltmer vanligt på internet vilket har medfört att konsumenter fått en alltmer negativ inställning till online-annonser. Därmed har användningen av mjukvaror för blockering av annonser på senare tid blivit alltmer vanligt. Detta har medfört minskningar i reklamintäkter för företag som använder sig av webbaserad marknadsföring, vilket har lagt för handen att de måste anpassa sina online-annonser till konsumenten för att kunna hålla verksamheten lönsam. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilken typ av online-annonser som används för att nå ut till användare på internet på ett mindre påträngande och irriterande sätt samt vilken inställning de har till annonsblockerare. Uppsatsen har en triangulär ansats i form av kvalitativa semi-strukturerade intervjuer som stärks och jämförs med en kvantitativ enkätundersökning. Av slutsatsen framkommer det att native advertising är det mest effektfulla annonsformatet för att nå ut till konsumenter på ett mer accepterat sätt. Samtidigt börjar fler företag som använder sig av online-annonser att införa betalväggar på sina hemsidor där konsumenter på internet tvingas stänga av sin annonsblockerare, bli nekade innehållet eller betala för att få tillgång till det. / Intrusive and annoying ads have become increasingly common on the internet, which has led to that consumers have a more negative attitude to online ads. Thus, using softwares for blocking ads have lately become more common. This has led to reductions in advertising revenues for companies that use web-based marketing which have forced them to customize their ads to the consumers in order to keep the business profitable.     The aim of this paper is to examine what type of online ads that is used to reach out to internet users in a less intrusive way and to see their opinion about adblockers. From a consumer perspective the study examines the view of the consumer on this development and if they fulfil their purpose. The thesis has a triangular approach with semi-structured interviews that is strengthened and compared with a quantitative questionnaire. The conclusion of the research have showed that native advertising is the most effective ad format to reach out to consumers in a more acceptable manner. At the same time more companies that are using online ads choose to introduce paywalls on their webpages where consumers on the internet are forced to deactivate their adblockers, to be denied the content or to pay to gain access to it.

Dois anti-hipertensivos da classe dos β-bloqueadores, o nadolol ((2R, 3S)-5-[2-hidroxi-3-(terc-butilamino)-propoxi]tetralin-2,3-diol) e o atenolol ((R,S)-2-[4-[2-hidroxi-3-(1-isopropilamino)-propoxi]fenil]acetamida) foram submetidos à análise térmica para caracterização de seus mecanismos de decomposição e o primeiro submetido a estudos sobre polimorfismo. Após fusão em 129,6 °C (ΔHfus = 157,3 J g-1; ΔSfus = 1,18 J °C-1 g-1), a decomposição do nadolol ocorreu em uma única etapa entre 183,7-404,7 °C, com liberação de terc-butil amina e vários fragmento da molécula. Estudos cinéticos baseados em método isoconversional mostraram Ea = 101,4 ± 0,1 kJ mol-1 fator pré-exponencial de Arrhenius log A = 8,53 ± 0,02 min-1. No caso do atenolol, a fusão apresentou-se em 153,1 °C (ΔHfus = 142,5 J g-1; ΔSfus = 0,92 J °C-1 g-1), seguida pela decomposição em uma única etapa entre 191,8-900,0 °C, na qual ocorre a liberação de amônia, formando um dímero e as isopropilaminas das extremidades. Seguem-se amônia, isopropanol, gás carbônico e água. Estudos cinéticos baseados em método isoconversional mostraram Ea = 102 ± 3 kJ mol-1 fator pré-exponencial log A = 9,2 ± 0,3 min-1. Estudos de polimorfismo do nadolol mostraram que o composto pode ser separado em pelo menos duas de suas formas enantiomórficas por cristalização e que aglomerados cristalinos podem ser obtidos, variando-se o sistema solvente e a temperatura de cristalização. / Two β-blocker antihypertensives nadolol ((2R, 3S)-5-[2-hidroxy-3-(terc-butilamine)-propoxy]tetralin-2,3-diol) and atenolol ((R,S)-2-[4-[2-hidroxy-3-(1-isopropylamine)-propoxy]phenyl]acetamide) were submitted to thermal analysis in order to characterize their decomposition mechanisms and the first was also subject of a polymorphism investigations. After melting at 129,6 °C (ΔHfus = 157,3 J g-1; ΔSfus = 1,18 J °C-1 g-1), the decomposition of nadolol took place in a single step beetwen 183,7-404,7 °C, with release of terc-butyl amine and several fragments of the molecule. Kinetic studies based on the isoconvertional method reveled an activation energy Ea = 101,4 ± 0,1 kJ mol-1 and a pre-exponential factor log A = 8,53 ± 0,02 min-1. In atenolol case the melting was detected at 153,1 °C (ΔHfus = 142,5 J g-1; ΔSfus = 0,92 J °C-1 g-1), followed by decomposition in a single step between 191,8-900,0 °C, in which a dimmer is formed after release of ammonia and the isopropylamines in the edges of the molecules. Then ammonia, isporpyl alcohol, carbonic gas and water were released. Kinetic studies by the isoconvertional method showed activation energy Ea = 102 ± 3 kJ mol-1 and exponential pre-factor log A = 9,2 ± 0,3 min-1 for the solid state thermal decomposition reaction. Polymorphism studies for nadolol revealed that at least two enantiomeric forms of the compound can be isolated in, by varying the solvent and the temperature of crystallization.

The third-party tracking ecosystem continuously evolves in scope, therefore, understanding of it is at best elusive. In this thesis, we investigate this complex ecosystem from three dimen-sions. Firstly, we examine third-party trackers from a geographical perspective. We observe a non-uniform presence of local third-party trackers between regions and countries within re-gions, with some trackers focusing on specific regions and countries. Secondly, we focus on how trackers share user-specific identifiers (IDs). We identify user-specific IDs that we suspect are used to track users. We find a significant amount of ID-sharing practices across different organ-isations providing various service categories. Our observations reveal that ID-sharing happens at a large scale regardless of the user profile size and profile condition such as logged-in and logged-out. Finally, we quantify the effect of tracker-blockers, a popular option for the users to protect their privacy, on the page-load performance. The effect of such tools on the over-all user browsing experience is questionable as the blockage of trackers can disrupt the general website loading process. The tracker-blockers we studied have a considerable negative effect on page-load performance. Unexpectedly, we find that even highly popular websites are negatively affected. This thesis points to significant gaps in our knowledge about the inner workings of this complex ecosystem. Moreover, it highlights some of the challenges that we face when attempting to preserve user's privacy by using tracker-blockers.

Dois anti-hipertensivos da classe dos β-bloqueadores, o nadolol ((2R, 3S)-5-[2-hidroxi-3-(terc-butilamino)-propoxi]tetralin-2,3-diol) e o atenolol ((R,S)-2-[4-[2-hidroxi-3-(1-isopropilamino)-propoxi]fenil]acetamida) foram submetidos à análise térmica para caracterização de seus mecanismos de decomposição e o primeiro submetido a estudos sobre polimorfismo. Após fusão em 129,6 °C (ΔHfus = 157,3 J g-1; ΔSfus = 1,18 J °C-1 g-1), a decomposição do nadolol ocorreu em uma única etapa entre 183,7-404,7 °C, com liberação de terc-butil amina e vários fragmento da molécula. Estudos cinéticos baseados em método isoconversional mostraram Ea = 101,4 ± 0,1 kJ mol-1 fator pré-exponencial de Arrhenius log A = 8,53 ± 0,02 min-1. No caso do atenolol, a fusão apresentou-se em 153,1 °C (ΔHfus = 142,5 J g-1; ΔSfus = 0,92 J °C-1 g-1), seguida pela decomposição em uma única etapa entre 191,8-900,0 °C, na qual ocorre a liberação de amônia, formando um dímero e as isopropilaminas das extremidades. Seguem-se amônia, isopropanol, gás carbônico e água. Estudos cinéticos baseados em método isoconversional mostraram Ea = 102 ± 3 kJ mol-1 fator pré-exponencial log A = 9,2 ± 0,3 min-1. Estudos de polimorfismo do nadolol mostraram que o composto pode ser separado em pelo menos duas de suas formas enantiomórficas por cristalização e que aglomerados cristalinos podem ser obtidos, variando-se o sistema solvente e a temperatura de cristalização. / Two β-blocker antihypertensives nadolol ((2R, 3S)-5-[2-hidroxy-3-(terc-butilamine)-propoxy]tetralin-2,3-diol) and atenolol ((R,S)-2-[4-[2-hidroxy-3-(1-isopropylamine)-propoxy]phenyl]acetamide) were submitted to thermal analysis in order to characterize their decomposition mechanisms and the first was also subject of a polymorphism investigations. After melting at 129,6 °C (ΔHfus = 157,3 J g-1; ΔSfus = 1,18 J °C-1 g-1), the decomposition of nadolol took place in a single step beetwen 183,7-404,7 °C, with release of terc-butyl amine and several fragments of the molecule. Kinetic studies based on the isoconvertional method reveled an activation energy Ea = 101,4 ± 0,1 kJ mol-1 and a pre-exponential factor log A = 8,53 ± 0,02 min-1. In atenolol case the melting was detected at 153,1 °C (ΔHfus = 142,5 J g-1; ΔSfus = 0,92 J °C-1 g-1), followed by decomposition in a single step between 191,8-900,0 °C, in which a dimmer is formed after release of ammonia and the isopropylamines in the edges of the molecules. Then ammonia, isporpyl alcohol, carbonic gas and water were released. Kinetic studies by the isoconvertional method showed activation energy Ea = 102 ± 3 kJ mol-1 and exponential pre-factor log A = 9,2 ± 0,3 min-1 for the solid state thermal decomposition reaction. Polymorphism studies for nadolol revealed that at least two enantiomeric forms of the compound can be isolated in, by varying the solvent and the temperature of crystallization.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2003. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 263 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 233-242).

published_or_final_version / Anaesthesiology / Master / Doctor of Medicine

published_or_final_version / Pharmacology and Pharmacy / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

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