Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 278-286).

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1993. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. / Chaikof, Elliot, Committee Chair ; Hanson, Stephen, Committee Member ; Lollar, John "Pete", Committee Member ; Sambanis, Athanassios, Committee Member ; Yoganathan, Ajit, Committee Member.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. / Pollman, Matthew, Committee Member ; Galis, Zorina, Committee Member ; McIntire, Larry, Committee Member ; Taylor, W Robert, Committee Member ; Jo, Hanjoong, Committee Member ; Nerem, Robert, Committee Chair.

A hiperplasia intimal é uma complicação comum após o implante de stent em artérias periféricas e a influência da homocisteína neste processo ainda é desconhecida. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar o espessamento intimal em aorta de suínos submetidos à hiper-homocisteinemia induzida com suínos normais, após implante de stents auto-expansíveis de nitinol. Foram utilizados 18 suínos da raça Macau, com peso médio de 30 kg. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: o primeiro, grupo C (controle), foi alimentado com dieta normal e o outro, grupo M (metionina), recebeu dieta rica em metionina para induzir hiper-homocisteinemia durante 30 dias. Os stents utilizados para o experimento foram os auto-expansíveis, de nitinol, com 25 milímetros de comprimento e diâmetro final de oito milímetros. Foram realizadas dosagens de colesterol, triglicerídeos, colesterol HDL e homocisteína plasmática em ambos os grupos. A adequação das medidas do stent em relação às dimensões da artéria aorta dos suínos e a sua perviedade, após o implante, foram confirmadas mediante realização de arteriografias seletivas. Trinta dias após o implante do stent, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia e as peças enviadas para exame anatomopatológico. O exame histológico mostrou intensa hiperplasia intimal no grupo controle e placas formadas por macrófagos espumosos com pouca hiperplasia intimal no grupo metionina. A análise morfométrica digital revelou maior hiperplasia intimal no grupo C em relação ao grupo M. Não ocorreram mudanças significativas nas dosagens de colesterol, triglicerídeos e colesterol HDL, em ambos os grupos. Não ocorreram variações significativas nos níveis de homocisteína plasmática dos suínos do grupo controle e, nos animais do grupo metionina, os níveis plasmáticos de homocisteína aumentaram de 17,47 para 58,90 μmol/l após 30 dias de administração de dieta rica em metionina. Concluindo, em aorta abdominal de suínos, alimentados com dieta rica em metionina por 30 dias, ocorreu uma hiperplasia intimal menor após o implante de stent auto-expansível de nitinol em comparação ao grupo controle. / Intimal hyperplasia is a common complication after stent placement in peripheral arteries and the influence of homocysteine in this process is still unknown. The purpose of this study is to compare the intimal thickening in the aorta of normal and induced hyperhomocysteinemic pigs following placement of self-expanding nitinol stents. The animals used were 18 pigs from the Macau specimen. They were over eight weeks old and average weight of 30 kg. Nitinol stents were self-expandable, 25 mm lenght and expanded diameters of 8 mm. The pigs were divided in two groups, the first (group C) was fed with a normal diet and the second group was fed with methionine rich diet to induce hyperhomocysteinemia (group M) during 30 days. Blood samples were collected for analyses of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL and homocysteine concentrations. Assessment was done by angiography. After 30 days of the procedure, the animals where sacrificed and the abdominal aorta segment was removed for histological and digital morphometry analysis. Microscopic examinations of the aortas of the control group had a significant thicker intima compared with methionin group. In the comparison among groups, intimal thickening of the vessel wall at digital morphometric analysis was higher in group C than group M. There was no significant change in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL concentrations in either group. There was no change in plasma homocysteine levels in group C; and in group M plasma homocysteine levels ranged from 17,47 to 59,80 μmol/l after 30 days with a methionine-rich diet. In conclusion, insertion of self-expandable nitinol stent in pig’s abdominal aorta after 30 days with a methionine-rich diet results in less intimal hyperplasia as compared to normal pigs.

A hiperplasia intimal é uma complicação comum após o implante de stent em artérias periféricas e a influência da homocisteína neste processo ainda é desconhecida. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar o espessamento intimal em aorta de suínos submetidos à hiper-homocisteinemia induzida com suínos normais, após implante de stents auto-expansíveis de nitinol. Foram utilizados 18 suínos da raça Macau, com peso médio de 30 kg. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: o primeiro, grupo C (controle), foi alimentado com dieta normal e o outro, grupo M (metionina), recebeu dieta rica em metionina para induzir hiper-homocisteinemia durante 30 dias. Os stents utilizados para o experimento foram os auto-expansíveis, de nitinol, com 25 milímetros de comprimento e diâmetro final de oito milímetros. Foram realizadas dosagens de colesterol, triglicerídeos, colesterol HDL e homocisteína plasmática em ambos os grupos. A adequação das medidas do stent em relação às dimensões da artéria aorta dos suínos e a sua perviedade, após o implante, foram confirmadas mediante realização de arteriografias seletivas. Trinta dias após o implante do stent, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia e as peças enviadas para exame anatomopatológico. O exame histológico mostrou intensa hiperplasia intimal no grupo controle e placas formadas por macrófagos espumosos com pouca hiperplasia intimal no grupo metionina. A análise morfométrica digital revelou maior hiperplasia intimal no grupo C em relação ao grupo M. Não ocorreram mudanças significativas nas dosagens de colesterol, triglicerídeos e colesterol HDL, em ambos os grupos. Não ocorreram variações significativas nos níveis de homocisteína plasmática dos suínos do grupo controle e, nos animais do grupo metionina, os níveis plasmáticos de homocisteína aumentaram de 17,47 para 58,90 μmol/l após 30 dias de administração de dieta rica em metionina. Concluindo, em aorta abdominal de suínos, alimentados com dieta rica em metionina por 30 dias, ocorreu uma hiperplasia intimal menor após o implante de stent auto-expansível de nitinol em comparação ao grupo controle. / Intimal hyperplasia is a common complication after stent placement in peripheral arteries and the influence of homocysteine in this process is still unknown. The purpose of this study is to compare the intimal thickening in the aorta of normal and induced hyperhomocysteinemic pigs following placement of self-expanding nitinol stents. The animals used were 18 pigs from the Macau specimen. They were over eight weeks old and average weight of 30 kg. Nitinol stents were self-expandable, 25 mm lenght and expanded diameters of 8 mm. The pigs were divided in two groups, the first (group C) was fed with a normal diet and the second group was fed with methionine rich diet to induce hyperhomocysteinemia (group M) during 30 days. Blood samples were collected for analyses of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL and homocysteine concentrations. Assessment was done by angiography. After 30 days of the procedure, the animals where sacrificed and the abdominal aorta segment was removed for histological and digital morphometry analysis. Microscopic examinations of the aortas of the control group had a significant thicker intima compared with methionin group. In the comparison among groups, intimal thickening of the vessel wall at digital morphometric analysis was higher in group C than group M. There was no significant change in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL concentrations in either group. There was no change in plasma homocysteine levels in group C; and in group M plasma homocysteine levels ranged from 17,47 to 59,80 μmol/l after 30 days with a methionine-rich diet. In conclusion, insertion of self-expandable nitinol stent in pig’s abdominal aorta after 30 days with a methionine-rich diet results in less intimal hyperplasia as compared to normal pigs.

A hiperplasia intimal é uma complicação comum após o implante de stent em artérias periféricas e a influência da homocisteína neste processo ainda é desconhecida. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar o espessamento intimal em aorta de suínos submetidos à hiper-homocisteinemia induzida com suínos normais, após implante de stents auto-expansíveis de nitinol. Foram utilizados 18 suínos da raça Macau, com peso médio de 30 kg. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: o primeiro, grupo C (controle), foi alimentado com dieta normal e o outro, grupo M (metionina), recebeu dieta rica em metionina para induzir hiper-homocisteinemia durante 30 dias. Os stents utilizados para o experimento foram os auto-expansíveis, de nitinol, com 25 milímetros de comprimento e diâmetro final de oito milímetros. Foram realizadas dosagens de colesterol, triglicerídeos, colesterol HDL e homocisteína plasmática em ambos os grupos. A adequação das medidas do stent em relação às dimensões da artéria aorta dos suínos e a sua perviedade, após o implante, foram confirmadas mediante realização de arteriografias seletivas. Trinta dias após o implante do stent, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia e as peças enviadas para exame anatomopatológico. O exame histológico mostrou intensa hiperplasia intimal no grupo controle e placas formadas por macrófagos espumosos com pouca hiperplasia intimal no grupo metionina. A análise morfométrica digital revelou maior hiperplasia intimal no grupo C em relação ao grupo M. Não ocorreram mudanças significativas nas dosagens de colesterol, triglicerídeos e colesterol HDL, em ambos os grupos. Não ocorreram variações significativas nos níveis de homocisteína plasmática dos suínos do grupo controle e, nos animais do grupo metionina, os níveis plasmáticos de homocisteína aumentaram de 17,47 para 58,90 μmol/l após 30 dias de administração de dieta rica em metionina. Concluindo, em aorta abdominal de suínos, alimentados com dieta rica em metionina por 30 dias, ocorreu uma hiperplasia intimal menor após o implante de stent auto-expansível de nitinol em comparação ao grupo controle. / Intimal hyperplasia is a common complication after stent placement in peripheral arteries and the influence of homocysteine in this process is still unknown. The purpose of this study is to compare the intimal thickening in the aorta of normal and induced hyperhomocysteinemic pigs following placement of self-expanding nitinol stents. The animals used were 18 pigs from the Macau specimen. They were over eight weeks old and average weight of 30 kg. Nitinol stents were self-expandable, 25 mm lenght and expanded diameters of 8 mm. The pigs were divided in two groups, the first (group C) was fed with a normal diet and the second group was fed with methionine rich diet to induce hyperhomocysteinemia (group M) during 30 days. Blood samples were collected for analyses of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL and homocysteine concentrations. Assessment was done by angiography. After 30 days of the procedure, the animals where sacrificed and the abdominal aorta segment was removed for histological and digital morphometry analysis. Microscopic examinations of the aortas of the control group had a significant thicker intima compared with methionin group. In the comparison among groups, intimal thickening of the vessel wall at digital morphometric analysis was higher in group C than group M. There was no significant change in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL concentrations in either group. There was no change in plasma homocysteine levels in group C; and in group M plasma homocysteine levels ranged from 17,47 to 59,80 μmol/l after 30 days with a methionine-rich diet. In conclusion, insertion of self-expandable nitinol stent in pig’s abdominal aorta after 30 days with a methionine-rich diet results in less intimal hyperplasia as compared to normal pigs.

The ductus arteriosi (DA) are two blood vessels connecting the pulmonary arteries to the descending aorta in the avian embryo. Following hatching, the DA closes, separation of the systemic and pulmonary circulation. I present the morphological changes that occur in the chicken DA during prepipping, internal pipping, external pipping, and hatching. The avian DA consists of two distinct tissue types, a proximal and a distal portion. Histological examination shows developmental differences between the proximal and distal portions of the DA with regard to lumen occlusion, endothelial cells, smooth muscle and elastin. Endothelial cell proliferation begins to occur as early as external pipping, with the lumen almost completely occluded by the 3rd day of post-hatching life. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) increases in avian endothelial cells during hatching. I provide a morphological timeline of changes in the DA as the chicken develops from embryo to hatchling.

Esta dissertação apresenta o desenvolvimento e avaliação de um método para a segmentação de vasos sangüíneos em imagens de retina, em que se usa a transformada wavelet contínua bidimensional combinada com classificação supervisionada. A segmentação dos vasos é a etapa inicial para a análise automática das imagens, cujo objetivo é auxiliar a comunidade médica na detecção de doenças. Entre outras doenças, as imagens podem revelar sinais da retinopatia diabética, uma das principais causas de cegueira em adultos, que pode ser prevenida se detectada em um diagnóstico precoce. A abordagem apresentada consiste na geração de segmentações pela classificação supervisionada de pixels nas classes \"vaso\" e \"não vaso\". As características usadas para classificação são obtidas através da transformada wavelet contínua bidimensional usando a wavelet de Gabor. Resultados são avaliados nos bancos públicos DRIVE e STARE de imagens coloridas através da análise ROC (\"receiver operating characteristic\", ou característica de operação do receptor). O método atinge áreas sob curvas ROC de 0.9614 e 0.9671 nos bancos DRIVE e STARE, respectivamente, ligeiramente superiores àquelas apresentadas por outros métodos do estado da arte. Apesar de bons resultados ROC, a análise visual revela algumas dificuldades do método, como falsos positivos ao redor do disco óptico e de patologias. A wavelet de Gabor mostra-se eficiente na detecção dos vasos, superando outros filtros lineares. Bons resultados e uma classificação rápida são obtidos usando o classificador bayesiano em que as funções de densidade de probabilidade condicionais às classes são descritas por misturas de gaussianas. A implementação do método está disponível na forma de \"scripts\" código aberto em MATLAB para pesquisadores interessados em detalhes de implementação, avaliação ou desenvolvimento de métodos. / This dissertation presents the development and evaluation of a method for blood vessel segmentation in retinal images which combines the use of the two-dimensional continuous wavelet transform with supervised classification. Segmentation of the retinal vasculature is the first step towards automatic analysis of the images, aiming at helping the medical community in detecting diseases. Among other diseases, the images may reveal signs of diabetic retinopathy, a leading cause of adult blindness, which can be prevented if identified early enough. The presented approach produces segmentations by supervised classification of each image pixel as \"vessel\" or \"nonvessel\", with pixel features derived using the two-dimensional continuous Gabor wavelet transform. Results are evaluated on publicly available DRIVE and STARE color image databases using ROC (receiver operating characteristic) analysis. The method achieves areas under ROC curves of 0.9614 and 0.9671 on the DRIVE and STARE databases, respectively, being slightly superior than that presented by state-of-the-art approaches. Though good ROC results are presented, visual inspection shows some typical difficulties of the method, such as false positives on the borders of the optic disc and pathologies. The Gabor wavelet shows itself efficient for vessel enhancement, outperforming other linear filters. Good segmentation results and a fast classification phase are obtained using the Bayesian classifier with class-conditional probability density functions described as Gaussian mixtures. The method\'s implementation is available as open source MATLAB scripts for researchers interested in implementation details, evaluation, or development of methods.

The work of the Cal Poly Tissue Engineering Lab is primarily focused on the fabrication, characterization, and improvement of “Blood Vessel Mimics” (BVMs), tissue engineered constructs used to evaluate cellular response to vascular medical devices. Currently, cells are grown onto fibrous, porous tubes made using an in-house electrospinning process from PLGA, a biocompatible co-polymer. The adhesion and proliferation of cells in a BVM is reliant on the micro-scale structure of the PLGA scaffold, and as such it is of great importance for the electrospinning process to consistently produce scaffolds of similar morphologies. Additionally, it has been shown that cell proliferation increases with scaffolds of smaller fibers and pores than the current electrospinning protocol can produce. Finally, the Tissue Engineering Lab has interest in testing devices in more tortuous BVM bioreactor designs, however the use of relatively rigid PLGA scaffolds has severely limited the ability to construct more complicated vessel geometries. The overall goal of this thesis was to improve fabrication and characterization of electrospun polymer scaffolds for BVM use. The specific aims of this thesis were to: 1) Improve scaffold characterization by comparing two techniques for fiber diameter measurement and implementing a technique for pore area measurement. 2) Reduce scaffold fiber diameter and pore area by investigating humidity and solvent composition electrospinning parameters. 3) Reduce process variability by developing a more specific electrospinning protocol. 4) Improve scaffold consistency and use by understanding and reducing PLGA scaffold shrinkage. 5) Identify and evaluate more flexible polymers as potential alternatives for electrospun BVM scaffolds. In order to accomplish these aims, first, several BVM and outside literature images were taken and evaluated with current and prospective fiber diameter techniques, and with 2 prospective pore area techniques to characterize accuracy and consistency of each method. It was found that the prospective fiber diameter measurement technique was not superior to the current method. The techniques developed for pore area measurement were found to produce results that differed significantly from each other and from the published value for a given image. Next, changes to environmental and solution composition parameters were made with the hopes of reducing fiber diameter and pore area of electrospun PLGA scaffolds. Changes in relative humidity did not appear to significantly affect scaffold fiber diameter while changes to solvent composition, specifically the use of acetone, resulted in fibers significantly smaller than those regularly achieved in the BVM lab. Next, several sources of variability in the electrospinning protocol were identified and subsequently altered to improve consistency and usability. Specifically, this included redefining the precision with which PLGA mass was measured, repositioning electrical equipment to reduce the effect of stray electrostatic forces on the polymer solution jet, attempting to control the temperature and humidity inside the electrospinning enclosure, and improving the ease with which scaffolds are removed from their mandrels through alternative mandrel surface treatments. In addition to overall process variability, the issue of scaffold shrinkage during BVM use was investigated and two possible treatments, exposure to either ethanol or elevated temperatures, were proposed based on previous electrospinning literature results. Each was tested for their effectiveness in mitigating shrinkage through exposure to BVM setup-mimicking conditions. It was found that both treatments reduced scaffold shrinkage compared to control samples when exposed to BVM setup-mimicking conditions. Finally, 3 flexible polymers were selected and electrospun to compare against typical PLGA results and to conduct a kink radius test as a metric for measuring flexibility as it pertains to the proposed BVM lab application. It was concluded that two types of thermoplastic polyurethane (tPU) were not acceptable electrospinning materials for use in the BVM lab. Additionally, while polycaprolactone (PCL) could be successfully electrospun it could not undergo the amount bending required for more tortuous BVM bioreactor designs without kinking. Overall, the work in this thesis provided insight into multiple scaffold characterization techniques, reduced overall electrospinning variability in the fabrication and use of PLGA scaffolds, and defined processing parameters that have been shown to yield scaffolds with smaller morphological features than all prior Tissue Engineering Lab work. By creating better, more effective scaffolds, researchers in the Tissue Engineering Lab can more accurately mimic the structure and properties of native blood vessels; this, in turn, will result in BVM cell responses that more closely resemble that of native tissue. Creating consistent and appropriate BVMs will then lead to impactful contributions to the existing body of tissue engineering research and to better preclinical device testing.