"A thesis based on a part of this work and on certain other studies was submitted by one of us (B. Mukerji)...for the D. Sc. degree [University of Michigan, 1936]" / "Reprinted from the Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, vol. 68, no. 3, March, 1940."

Thesis--Instituto Tecnologico de La Paz, 1985. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-52).

Thesis (doctoral)--Université de Paris, 1897. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [113]-115).

Thesis--University of Florida. / Description based on print version record. Typescript. Vita. Bibliography: leaves 54-57.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio State University. / Bibliography: leaves 105-110. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1984. / Bibliography: p. 152-163.

The pathological effects of infections of Dlspharynx nasuta (Nematoda: Acuariidae) on confined, experiment ally-infected chicks of the blue grouse, Dendragapus obscurus, have been studied. The severity of the infection was found to be directly proportional to the number of worms present and the youth of the host. The development of the lesion produced at the site of infection, the proventriculus of the host, is described and its papillomatous nature confirmed. The previously unknown developmental stages of D. nasuta in the avian host are described and related both to the formation of the lesion and to the disease process. The growth of infected birds, expressed as gain in weight, was less than that of the controls although food intake studies indicated that the amount of food eaten by both groups was comparable. Calcium and phosphorus analyses on bones gave no indication that the mineral metabolism of infected birds was affected although their bones broke more readily than those of the controls. Development of the Juvenal feathers which appear from 3 to 5 weeks of age may be severely retarded. These observations suggest that the protein metabolism of the host is impaired. The numbers of hemocytes of infected grouse fluctuate greatly and show two critical low periods. The first, occurring immediately after infection, can be correlated with the invasion of the larvae and possibly to a substance secreted by them. The second occurs 2 to 3 weeks after initial infection and can be correlated with local irritation and hemorrhages and perhaps the moult of the larvae. Chronic hematological symptoms are anemia and leucocytosis. The latter is characterized by heterophil ia, eosinophilopenia, lymphocytosis of small forms and lymphopenia of the larger forms. The presence of circulating antibodies for D. nasuta was not demonstrated with the techniques used. The evidence suggests that the host tissue reaction may be an allergic response. Several ecological questions concerning the survival of D. nasuta during the winter months, temperature for larval development in the intermediate host, longevity of adult D. nasuta in the definitive host, infection and reinfection of adult blue grouse, are considered. In the laboratory, infections of 16 and 22 worms, administered to the host before 2 weeks of age, were fatal. Results of these experiments indicate that D. nasuta is a debilitating pathogen which may prove fatal and, may act as a controlling factor of natural grouse populations. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

A general property of animal populations is their failure to continue increasing in number indefinitely, even when the habitat may contain enough resources to support more animals than are present at the time. Certain populations of blue grouse have expressed this property by failing to increase when the habitat has undergone changes that have produced striking increases in past cases. Other populations have expressed it by arresting their increase before the resources of the habitat were exhausted. In blue grouse populations on Vancouver Island, adult mortality is constant and it is restricted recruitment that has held these populations stable in the periods they have been studied, even though sufficient young have been produced to support an increase. The hypothesis that the behavior of territorial adult males affects the local occurrence of recruits and other grouse in general on the summer range was tested by studying dispersion during the breeding period. Information on dispersion and social behavior were obtained from nine grouse fitted with miniature radio transmitters. Data from non-instrumented birds supplement this work. The principal finding is that there was no evidence of social interaction causing females and immature males to occur in special places, and that no interaction of a sort that could affect recruitment occurs between blue grouse on their summer range. It is alternatively suggested that such behavior occurs in winter. Other conclusions are that the onset of estrus induces hens to seek out and become localized near a mate, that several hens may seek out the same mate, and that no lasting pair-bonds are formed. Each type of reproductive activity in blue grouse has a distinctive movement pattern, and perhaps movement rate, associated with it. Excepting for hens In estrus who briefly seek out mates, and some yearling males who are prevented by adults from remaining on territories, movements and local occurrence within the breeding range are unaffected by social interaction with other grouse. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

The dispersion of a population of blue grouse was analyzed using data from a breeding range on east-central Vancouver Island. During the summers of 1959-1962, the locations, densities, habitat preferences, and behaviour of grouse were studied using several habitats with varying densities of vegetation. A removal experiment was performed in different habitats to test the effect of interaction and selection of habitat on the dispersion of males. All adult males and a few yearling males were territorial, and territories were spaced in a near-uniform pattern. Within a given season, males removed from their territories were seldom replaced by other adults, suggesting that no surplus of non-territorial adults was present. About half of the yearling males were prevented from establishing territory by the presence of adults, and these yearlings were attracted to the vicinity of territorial males. The location of territories by newly-adult males did not depend significantly on the number of territories already present, even though the tendency toward uniform spacing was preserved. Comparison with other studies indicated that territory size and possibly the fraction of yearling males in the population were inversely related to the density of males. Females restricted their movements while on the breeding range but were not territorial. No pair-bonds were observed but females stayed near territorial males prior to nesting. After the hatch, the locations of females and broods bore no relation to each other or to the positions of males. Interaction apparently had no effect on breeding numbers. All birds preferred sparse vegetation to dense. When compared to randomly-chosen points, territories were found more often in areas with sparse vegetation, elevated points, and patches of open ground. Within open habitats, nests were usually located where cover by logs, stumps, and ground-level vegetation was high, and cover by dead plants and litter was low. Broods were associated with moist areas and other areas having heavy cover by vegetation at the ground level. Chicks apparently dispersed widely between their first and second summers. In their third summer, males usually returned within one-half mile of the positions they used as yearlings. Once territories were established, the owners returned to them in succeeding summers. Females one year and older showed a fairly accurate return to their previous locations. The dispersion was described somewhat theoretically by considering the summer population to be grouped into two types of aggregations. The first, found in the earlier half of the summer, was caused by the attraction of yearling males and lone females to territorial males. Later, hens with their broods were the dominant groupings. The spacing, movements, and habitat preferences seemed to be adaptations allowing such populations to rapidly exploit new habitats. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

The effects of initial thermal processing, plant sanitation, and employee habits on the microbiological quality of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) meat were determined in a commercial crab processing facility. Thermal processing was evaluated at 5, 7, and 8 minutes at 250ï °F for the destruction of microorganisms, including Listeria monocytogenes. F-values calculated indicated a sufficient reduction of L. monocytogenes at each processing time. Fresh picked crab meat was evaluated for microbial levels when exposed to ambient temperatures over a four hour period. It was found that time and temperature did not influence the microbial populations significantly except in the fourth hour. Plant sanitation was evaluated based on levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and microbial counts. Areas found to have high levels of ATP typically had low microbial counts, thus suggesting that crab meat residual was the problem. The presence of Listeria species in the plant was determined using a commercial polyclonal antibody test. Listeria species were found under picking tables, on cooler doors, employees' aprons, and on several employees' hands. In a laboratory setting, an automated hand wash was compared with a manual hand wash for the removal of Listeria innocua, as a model for Listeria monocytogenes. It was found that a manual hand wash of 15 seconds was superior to an equal time automated wash. The microbial quality of crab meat was found to be affected by daily plant procedures, and could be changed by modifying procedures. / Master of Science