O citoesqueleto é a estrutura celular mais importante em células eucariotas e é responsável por manter a forma da célula e as junções celulares, auxiliando nos movimentos celulares. Esta é composta de filamentos de Actina, Microtúbulos e filamentos intermediários. Recentemente, a análise de duas dessas estruturas tornaram-se importantes, pois é possível obter micrografias usando microscópios de alta resolução, que contém microscopia de fluorescência, em combinação com métodos complexos de aplicação de substâncias de contraste para rotulagem e posterior análises visuais. A combinação dessas técnicas, entretanto, limita-se a ser descritiva e subjetiva. Neste trabalho, são avaliadas cinco técnicas de análise de imagens, as quais são: Bag of Visual Words (BoVW), Local Binary Local (LBP), Textons baseados em Discrete Fourier Transform (TDFT), Textons baseados em Gabor Filter Banks (TGFB) e Textons baseados em Complex Networks (TCN) sobre o conjunto de dados 2D Hela e FDIG Olympus. Experimentos extensivos foram conduzidos em ambos os conjuntos de dados, e seus resultados podem servir de base para futuras pesquisas como análises do citoesqueleto em imagens de microscopia fluorescente. Neste trabalho, é apresentada uma comparação quantitativa e qualitativa dos métodos acima mencionados para entender o comportamento desses métodos e propriedades dos microfilamentos de actina (MA) e Microtúbulos (MT) em ambos os conjuntos de dados. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que é possível classificar o conjunto de dados da FDIG Olympus com uma precisão de até 90:07% e 98:94% para 2D Hela, além de obter 86:05% e 96:84%, respectivamente, de precisão, usando teoria de redes complexas. / The cytoskeleton is the most important cellular structure in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for maintaining the shape of the cell and cellular junctions, aiding in cell movements. This is composed of filaments of Actin, Microtubules and intermediate filaments. Recently, the analysis of two of these structures has become important because it is possible to obtain micrographs using microscopes of high resolution and fluorescence technology, in combination with complex methods of application of substances of contrast for labeling and later visual analysis. The use of these techniques, however, is limited to being descriptive and subjective. In this work, we evaluate some of the most popular image analysis techniques such as Bag of Visual Words (BoVW), Local Binary Pattern (LBP), Textons based on Discrete Fourier Transform(TDFT) , Gabor Filter banks (TGFB), and approaches based on Complex Networks theory (TCN) over the famous dataset 2D Hela and FDIG Olympus. Extensive experiments were conducted on both datasets in which their results can serve as a baseline for future research with cytoskeleton classification in microscopy fluorescence images. In this work, we present the quantitative and qualitative comparison of above mentioned methods for better understand the behavior of these methods and the properties of Actin microfilaments (MA) and Microtubules (MT) on both datasets. The results showed that it is possible to classify the FDIG Olympus data set with accuracy of up to 90:07% and 98:94% for 2D Hela, in addition to reaching 86:05% and 96:84% respectively, using complex network theory.

O citoesqueleto é a estrutura celular mais importante em células eucariotas e é responsável por manter a forma da célula e as junções celulares, auxiliando nos movimentos celulares. Esta é composta de filamentos de Actina, Microtúbulos e filamentos intermediários. Recentemente, a análise de duas dessas estruturas tornaram-se importantes, pois é possível obter micrografias usando microscópios de alta resolução, que contém microscopia de fluorescência, em combinação com métodos complexos de aplicação de substâncias de contraste para rotulagem e posterior análises visuais. A combinação dessas técnicas, entretanto, limita-se a ser descritiva e subjetiva. Neste trabalho, são avaliadas cinco técnicas de análise de imagens, as quais são: Bag of Visual Words (BoVW), Local Binary Local (LBP), Textons baseados em Discrete Fourier Transform (TDFT), Textons baseados em Gabor Filter Banks (TGFB) e Textons baseados em Complex Networks (TCN) sobre o conjunto de dados 2D Hela e FDIG Olympus. Experimentos extensivos foram conduzidos em ambos os conjuntos de dados, e seus resultados podem servir de base para futuras pesquisas como análises do citoesqueleto em imagens de microscopia fluorescente. Neste trabalho, é apresentada uma comparação quantitativa e qualitativa dos métodos acima mencionados para entender o comportamento desses métodos e propriedades dos microfilamentos de actina (MA) e Microtúbulos (MT) em ambos os conjuntos de dados. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que é possível classificar o conjunto de dados da FDIG Olympus com uma precisão de até 90:07% e 98:94% para 2D Hela, além de obter 86:05% e 96:84%, respectivamente, de precisão, usando teoria de redes complexas. / The cytoskeleton is the most important cellular structure in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for maintaining the shape of the cell and cellular junctions, aiding in cell movements. This is composed of filaments of Actin, Microtubules and intermediate filaments. Recently, the analysis of two of these structures has become important because it is possible to obtain micrographs using microscopes of high resolution and fluorescence technology, in combination with complex methods of application of substances of contrast for labeling and later visual analysis. The use of these techniques, however, is limited to being descriptive and subjective. In this work, we evaluate some of the most popular image analysis techniques such as Bag of Visual Words (BoVW), Local Binary Pattern (LBP), Textons based on Discrete Fourier Transform(TDFT) , Gabor Filter banks (TGFB), and approaches based on Complex Networks theory (TCN) over the famous dataset 2D Hela and FDIG Olympus. Extensive experiments were conducted on both datasets in which their results can serve as a baseline for future research with cytoskeleton classification in microscopy fluorescence images. In this work, we present the quantitative and qualitative comparison of above mentioned methods for better understand the behavior of these methods and the properties of Actin microfilaments (MA) and Microtubules (MT) on both datasets. The results showed that it is possible to classify the FDIG Olympus data set with accuracy of up to 90:07% and 98:94% for 2D Hela, in addition to reaching 86:05% and 96:84% respectively, using complex network theory.

Cette thèse est motivée par le diagnostic, l’évaluation, la maintenance et la promotion de l’indépendance des personnes souffrant de maladies démentielles pour leurs activités de la vie quotidienne. Dans ce contexte nous nous intéressons à la reconnaissance automatique des activités de la vie quotidienne.L’analyse des vidéos de type égocentriques (où la caméra est posée sur une personne) a récemment gagné beaucoup d’intérêt en faveur de cette tâche. En effet de récentes études démontrent l’importance cruciale de la reconnaissance des objets actifs (manipulés ou observés par le patient) pour la reconnaissance d’activités et les vidéos égocentriques présentent l’avantage d’avoir une forte différenciation entre les objets actifs et passifs (associés à l’arrière plan). Une des approches récentes envers la reconnaissance des éléments actifs dans une scène est l’incorporation de la saillance visuelle dans les algorithmes de reconnaissance d’objets. Modéliser le processus sélectif du système visuel humain représente un moyen efficace de focaliser l’analyse d’une scène vers les endroits considérés d’intérêts ou saillants,qui, dans les vidéos égocentriques, correspondent fortement aux emplacements des objets d’intérêt. L’objectif de cette thèse est de permettre au systèmes de reconnaissance d’objets de fournir une détection plus précise des objets d’intérêts grâce à la saillance visuelle afin d’améliorer les performances de reconnaissances d’activités de la vie de tous les jours. Cette thèse est menée dans le cadre du projet Européen Dem@care.Concernant le vaste domaine de la modélisation de la saillance visuelle, nous étudions et proposons une contribution à la fois dans le domaine "Bottom-up" (regard attiré par des stimuli) que dans le domaine "Top-down" (regard attiré par la sémantique) qui ont pour but d’améliorer la reconnaissance d’objets actifs dans les vidéos égocentriques. Notre première contribution pour les modèles Bottom-up prend racine du fait que les observateurs d’une vidéo sont normalement attirés par le centre de celle-ci. Ce phénomène biologique s’appelle le biais central. Dans les vidéos égocentriques cependant, cette hypothèse n’est plus valable.Nous proposons et étudions des modèles de saillance basés sur ce phénomène de biais non central.Les modèles proposés sont entrainés à partir de fixations d’oeil enregistrées et incorporées dans des modèles spatio-temporels. Lorsque comparés à l’état-de-l’art des modèles Bottom-up, ceux que nous présentons montrent des résultats prometteurs qui illustrent la nécessité d’un modèle géométrique biaisé non-centré dans ce type de vidéos. Pour notre contribution dans le domaine Top-down, nous présentons un modèle probabiliste d’attention visuelle pour la reconnaissance d’objets manipulés dans les vidéos égocentriques. Bien que les bras soient souvent source d’occlusion des objets et considérés comme un fardeau, ils deviennent un atout dans notre approche. En effet nous extrayons à la fois des caractéristiques globales et locales permettant d’estimer leur disposition géométrique. Nous intégrons cette information dans un modèle probabiliste, avec équations de mise a jour pour optimiser la vraisemblance du modèle en fonction de ses paramètres et enfin générons les cartes d’attention visuelle pour la reconnaissance d’objets manipulés. [...] / The rationale and motivation of this PhD thesis is in the diagnosis, assessment,maintenance and promotion of self-independence of people with dementia in their InstrumentalActivities of Daily Living (IADLs). In this context a strong focus is held towardsthe task of automatically recognizing IADLs. Egocentric video analysis (cameras worn by aperson) has recently gained much interest regarding this goal. Indeed recent studies havedemonstrated how crucial is the recognition of active objects (manipulated or observedby the person wearing the camera) for the activity recognition task and egocentric videospresent the advantage of holding a strong differentiation between active and passive objects(associated to background). One recent approach towards finding active elements in a sceneis the incorporation of visual saliency in the object recognition paradigms. Modeling theselective process of human perception of visual scenes represents an efficient way to drivethe scene analysis towards particular areas considered of interest or salient, which, in egocentricvideos, strongly corresponds to the locus of objects of interest. The objective of thisthesis is to design an object recognition system that relies on visual saliency-maps to providemore precise object representations, that are robust against background clutter and, therefore,improve the recognition of active object for the IADLs recognition task. This PhD thesisis conducted in the framework of the Dem@care European project.Regarding the vast field of visual saliency modeling, we investigate and propose a contributionin both Bottom-up (gaze driven by stimuli) and Top-down (gaze driven by semantics)areas that aim at enhancing the particular task of active object recognition in egocentricvideo content. Our first contribution on Bottom-up models originates from the fact thatobservers are attracted by a central stimulus (the center of an image). This biological phenomenonis known as central bias. In egocentric videos however this hypothesis does not alwayshold. We study saliency models with non-central bias geometrical cues. The proposedvisual saliency models are trained based on eye fixations of observers and incorporated intospatio-temporal saliency models. When compared to state of the art visual saliency models,the ones we present show promising results as they highlight the necessity of a non-centeredgeometric saliency cue. For our top-down model contribution we present a probabilisticvisual attention model for manipulated object recognition in egocentric video content. Althougharms often occlude objects and are usually considered as a burden for many visionsystems, they become an asset in our approach, as we extract both global and local featuresdescribing their geometric layout and pose, as well as the objects being manipulated. We integratethis information in a probabilistic generative model, provide update equations thatautomatically compute the model parameters optimizing the likelihood of the data, and designa method to generate maps of visual attention that are later used in an object-recognitionframework. This task-driven assessment reveals that the proposed method outperforms thestate-of-the-art in object recognition for egocentric video content. [...]

The aim of this thesis is to explore clustering algorithms of machine unsupervised learning, which can be used for image database classification by similarity. For chosen clustering algorithms is written up a theoretical basis. For better classification of used database this thesis deals with different methods of image preprocessing. With these methods the features from image are extracted. Next the thesis solves of implementation of preprocessing methods and practical application of clustering algorithms. In practical part is programmed aplication in Python programming language, which classifies the database of images into classes by similarity. The thesis tests all of used methods and at the end of the thesis is processed searches of results.