Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst. / Härtill 8 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1974. / Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the United Kingdom. Recent studies suggest that obesity is associated with prostate cancer aggressiveness and higher recurrence rates after treatment. Prognosis may therefore be improved by maintaining healthy weight but research on weight management is relatively scarce. Therefore a weight management programme was designed for prostate cancer patients and a pilot feasibility trial conducted with the aim to evaluate the compliance and effectiveness. Three preliminary studies; a systematic review, a questionnaire survey and qualitative research among patients and their partners, were carried out to inform the optimal design and delivery of the intervention. To identify effective components of the intervention, 778 titles and abstracts were screened in a systematic review. Twenty randomised controlled trials were included in the final review which consisted of six diet interventions, eight exercise interventions and six combined diet and exercise interventions. 256 men completed a mailed questionnaire survey and 48 participants (34 men and 14 partners) participated in six focus group discussions. This mixed-methods research informed the choice of the components, setting and mode of delivery of the intervention. A pilot feasibility study using a two arm randomised controlled trial design compared change in weight and quality of life (QoL) between a 12 week package of a group session, consultant's encouragement letter, monthly individual telephone-based dietitian-led consultations, web-based self-help resources, and pedometer in the intervention group and no intervention in a wait-list control group. 286 men with localized and locally advanced prostate cancer from UCAN (Urology CANcer Charity) Care Centre database were invited to participate of whom 95 responded. Sixty-two eligible men were randomly assigned to intervention (n=31) or wait-list control group (n=31) using minimisation on age, BMI and time since diagnosis. One man in the intervention group and three in the control group withdrew before baseline data collection. Another four men in the intervention group cannot be accommodated into the group schedule. The mean age of the remaining 54 participants at enrolment was 65.5 years (SD 5.6), mean weight 88.9 kg (SD 11.7), BMI 29.6 kgm-2 (SD 2.9) and QoL score 76.6 points (SD 19.0), with no significant difference between the two groups. At 12 weeks, the weight change in the intervention group was greater than in the wait-list control group with a significant group difference of −2.13 kg (95% CI −3.50 to −0.76 kg); p=0.003. The general QoL score change in the intervention group was also greater than in the wait-list control group with a significant group difference of +11.9 points (95% CI 4.6 to 19.2); p=0.002, after adjustment for baseline age, BMI and time since diagnosis. Over weeks 13-24, the intervention group continued to lose weight with a median (IQR) weight change of −1.25 (−3.45, 0.38) kg, which contributed to the overall weight change of −3.40 kg (95% CI −5.27 to −1.53 kg); p=0.001, from week 0-24. The wait-list control was offered a lower-cost mini-intervention of a consultant's encouragement letter, pedometer and the access to the same self-help resources of the weight management programme, but no group meeting or dietetic consultation, from week 13-24. Over this period, the mini-intervention group had a significant weight loss with a weight change of −2.37 kg (95% CI −3.24 to −1.50 kg); p=<0.001. There was no significant change in general QoL or any individual functional or symptom scales in either the intervention or wait-list control group from 12 to 24 weeks. This study can contribute to the future work in this new area which could help to improve clinical outcome in men treated for prostate cancer and inform clinical practice.

Pharmacological blockade of the endocannabinoid system via rimonabant (SR141716) induced a sustained reduction in weight and fatness. Rimonabant-treated mice exhibited reduced metabolizable energy intake and increased daily energy expenditure on days 4-6 of treatment. However, these on the energy budget had disappeared by day 22-24. Rimonabant treatment increased daily physical activity levels throughout the study. These data suggested that rimonabant caused a negative energy balance by acting on both energy intake and expenditure. Melanin-concentrating receptor 1 (MCHR1) antagonism via GW803430 produced similar effects on energy  budget. However, only physical activity during the dark phase was increased by GW803430 treatment. MCHR1 antagonism produced a persistent anti-obesity effect and the initiation of weight loss resulted from a decrease in energy intake and an increase in active energy expenditure. With respect to environmental interventions, non-genetic individual variability in weightgain when fed a high fat diet (HFD) was investigated. I found that weight gain induced by HFD was associated positively with fat mass and fast free mass and negatively with physical activity prior to HFD exposure. Furthermore, fat mass and fat free mass were influenced by lactation litter size via weaning weight and post-weaning growth rate. Finally I used intermittent starvation to test whether the risk of starvation determines the lower intervention point as suggested by the dual intervention pointmodel. Overall, mice exhibited different behavioural and physiological responses to intermittent starvation dependent of the duration of treatment. This work contributes to a better understanding of the regulation of energy balance and provide useful insights for the prevention and treatment of obesity.

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No description available.

This thesis research was conducted to test the hypothesis that the survival and growth of both neonatal and postweaning piglets can be improved by nutritional modulations. Two experiments were carried out to 1) evaluate effects of birth weight on mortality, growth performance, and efficiency of sow-reared piglets; and 2) determine the effects of a phytochemical (Yucca schidigera) on growth performance of postweaning pigs. In the first experiment, piglets (n=160) from 18 multiparous sows (Landrace X Large White) were used. Body weight of all piglets were recorded immediately after birth, d 7, d 14, d 21 and d 35 of their age. Individual milk consumption of piglets was estimated using the weigh-suckle-weigh method. Average daily gain and mortality were recorded. To analyze the effects of birth weight on future BW and growth, piglets were classified based on their birth weight into four categories of A: 0.7-1.09 kg, B: 1.10-1.49 kg, C: 1.50-1.89 kg and D: >1.90. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results indicated that low birth weight of pigs not only increased (P < 0.05) their incidence of mortality but also negatively impacted (P < 0.05) their whole-body growth. Interestingly, surviving low-birth-weight piglets had a higher (P < 0.05) rate of efficiency to utilize milk nutrients for growth than larger littermates. In the second experiment, two 21-day trials using 21-d-old postweaning piglets (n=111) were performed (d 21 to 42 of age). In the first trial, pigs were assigned to one of the three groups fed diets supplemented with 0 (control), 120 ppm or 180 ppm of Yucca powder (BIOPOWDER). The second trial was conducted as the first trial except that the basal diet contained 0.2 percent L-citrulline (an effective precursor of arginine). Body weight, average daily gain and feed intake of all pigs were measured weekly in both trials. At the last day of experiment, 2 h after the last meal, jugular blood samples were taken from all pigs in both trials for amino acid analysis. One-way ANOVA was used to statistically analyze the data. When the basal diet did not contain citrulline, dietary supplementation with BIOPOWDER did not affect (P > 0.05) any of the measured variables related to growth performance. However, supplementing an appropriate dose of this yucca extract (120 ppm) to a citrulline-fortified diet increased growth performance and feed efficiency in these animals. Adequate availability of arginine is required for BIOPOWDER to exert its anabolic effect on piglet growth and its regulatory action on improving the efficiency of nutrient utilization in young pigs. These findings have important implications for nutritionally modulating the growth of neonatal pigs and, therefore, the swine industry worldwide.

Four research experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of dietary enzyme inclusion (phytase and NSPase) on broiler performance parameters, processing yields, and bone mineralization. In Experiment 1, a 35-day grow out trial was conducted to investigate the effect of three commercially available phytase enzymes on growth performance and bone mineralization in phosphorus deficient corn/soy based diets. Increasing the level of available phosphorus (aP) in the control diets resulted in improved bird performance and bone ash data. The presence of dietary phytase in phosphorus deficient diets resulted in improvements in growth parameters and bone mineralization. Regression analysis confirmed that phytase supplementation can potentially increase the bioavailability of phosphorus in broiler diets up to 0.15 to 0.20 percent, however, the responses varied according to the enzyme used and inclusion level. In Experiment 2, a 42-day grow out trial was conducted to analyze the effects of NSPase inclusion on broiler performance and processing parameters when supplemented in diets with varying protein and energy concentrations. Reduced protein and energy levels reduced bird performance throughout the trial. The inclusion of both NSPase enzymes resulted in improvements in feed conversion throughout the starter and grower periods (day 26 of age). The results from this trial showed that NSPase inclusion can improve broiler performance and processing parameters. In Experiments 3 and 4, a battery trial and a floor trial were conducted to determine the effects of phytase and NSPase enzyme co-administration on growth and bone ash in low phosphorus diets. Increasing the level of available phosphorus resulted in increased bird performance and bone ash. The inclusion of phytase enhanced bird performance and bone mineralization. NSPase inclusion in diets containing low levels of phytase had improvements in bird performance during early stages of growth. The enhanced effects associated with dual administration of phytase and NSPase were not observed in a full grow out trial during later stages of growth. These four experiments indicate that phytase and NSPase enzyme inclusion in broiler diets have the ability to enhance bird performance, processing yield, and bone mineralization.