393 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.1975)--Dept. of Botany, University of Adelaide

xi, 651 leaves : ill., plates ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.1975) from the Dept. of Botany, University of Adelaide

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1965 H112 / Master of Science

Members of the genus Ledebouria Roth (Hyacinthaceae), which occur in South Africa, are revised. This genus occurs throughout Africa, India and Madagascar. 33 Species are recognized and placed into nine provisional infrageneric groups. A multidisciplinary approach was used in an attempt to provide natural groupings. The following characters were analysed; morphology, micromorphology, palynology and caryology. Aspects of ovary structure and leaf micromorphology proved especially useful in the synthesis of infrageneric and specific concepts. Keys, descriptions, illustrations, distributional, ecological, medicinal and toxicological data are provided. This study is based on plants in their natural habitat, cultivated specimens and representative herbarium specimens from herbaria in South Africa and in Europe. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1993.

Approximately 11 500 ha of coastal plain and mountain vegetation in the Cape Hangklip area of the South-Western Cape Province of South Africa was studied. The suitability of homogeneity functions and of the association-analysis techniques for the analysis of large areas of the distinctive coastal and fynbos vegetation found in the Mediterranean type of climate in this region were investigated. Data were collected at 150 sampling sites of 10 x 5 metres each, which were randomly located on grid intersections within physiographic-physiognomic units delimited on aerial photographs. Phytosociological techniques were used to arrange the data prior to further analysis using frequency modulated homogeneity functions. A classification of the vegetation into 32 communities is proposed with primary subdivisions into Broad-leaved Scrub and Fynbos. This classification is based on the results of the association-analysis of the data.

Bibliography: p. 123-124. / The genus Holothrix in South Africa is desc.ribe.d and its taxonomic history discussed. The results of using a computer to draw up a key and a dendrogram of the species are briefly discussed, as are some of the problems experienced. Various morphological characters are evaluated for their usefulness or otherwise in distinguishing species, and a key is provided. Where applicable, problems commonly encountered when attempting to identify the species are mentioned, and those characters pointed out which will distinguish the species. Details of biological interest are mentioned. Each species is illustrated by a drawing of sepal, petal and lip. Those species available in liquid preservative have the whole flower drawn as well, while those where a live plant could be obtained are illustrated in full, with a drawing of the whole plant, leaves, column and pollinia. In those cases where a range in shape, as opposed to size, is experienced, drawings are presented to illustrate this range. A detailed map of each species is presented, using the 1° gridsquare system, and also a table of the ranges of rainfall and altitude within the range of each species.

No description available.

Wood identification can serve a role wherever wood has been separated from other diagnostic plant structures as a result of cultural or taphonomic processing. In disciplines that study material culture, such as museum anthropology and art history, it may serve to augment and verify existing knowledge, whilst in fields like palaeobotany, zoology and archaeology, wood identification may test existing paradigms of ecology and human behaviour. However, resources to aid wood identification, particularly of non - commercial species, are sorely lacking and, in Australia, there are only a handful of xylotomists, most of whom are attached to Forestry organisations. In addition, wood fragments are commonly the limit of material available for identification. They may be the physical remains of a wider matrix - as may often appear in biological, archaeological, palaeobotanical or forensic contexts - or a splinter removed from an ethnographic artefact or antique. This research involved the development of an updateable, interactive, computer - based identification tool to the wood of 58 arid Australian species. The identification tool comprises a series of keys and sub - keys to reflect the taxonomic hierarchies and the difficulty of separating wood beyond family or genus. The central Sub - key to Arid Australian Hardwood Taxa is comprised of 20 angiosperm taxa which include families and single representatives of genera. The treated taxa in this key are defined by 57 separate characters. They are split into sets of like characters including four sets based upon method of examination : anatomical ( scanning electron microscopy ), anatomical ( light microscopy ), chemical observations and physical properties. These character sets follow a logical progression, in recognition of the variability in available sample size and that noninvasive techniques are often desirable, if not essential. The use of character sets also reflects that this variability in sample size can affect the range of available characters and the available method of identification, and their diagnostic potential tends to increase with the complexity of the identification method. As part of the research, the identification tool is tested against wood fragments removed from several Aboriginal Australian artefacts from central Australia and case studies are provided. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2005.

Orientador: Maria do Carmo Estanislau do Amaral / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T10:16:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caddah_MayaraKrasinski_M.pdf: 2640500 bytes, checksum: be32f5cbfeac9f9405106ac2f8ab3f90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Kielmeyera Mart. & Zucc. (Clusiaceae) inclui 47 espécies e sua revisão mais recente foi baseada em caracteres morfológicos. A série Coriaceae (Wawra) Saddi distingue-se das demais principalmente pelas folhas coriáceas e pelo hábito arbóreo/arbustivo. Em sua nova circunscrição, a série apresenta apenas duas espécies, K. coriacea, com duas subespécies e sete variedades, e K. grandiflora, que antes estava incluída na primeira espécie como variedade. Apesar da recente revisão, a circunscrição taxonômica das espécies ainda é muito problemática. Kielmeyera coriacea é amplamente conhecida como um dos principais componentes do Cerrado, enquanto K. grandiflora é pouquíssimo conhecida. Dessa forma, os dois táxons específicos envolvidos na série Coriaceae (Wawra) Saddi foram investigados para esclarecer o relacionamento dentro do grupo e para propor, se fosse o caso, uma classificação mais clara. Para tanto foram procedidos estudos morfológicos, anatômicos, fenológicos e moleculares. A morfologia e a anatomia foliar não foram satisfatoriamente informativas, e apenas revelaram caracteres sem consistência taxonômica. Apenas o padrão de nervação secundária, a tonalidade das folhas e a quantidade e distribuição dos compostos fenólicos se mostraram disgnósticos para as duas espécies. Adicionalmente, análises da superfície foliar em Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura mostraram um padrão de estruturas epicuticulares distinto nas duas espécies. Para o estudo da biologia molecular das espécies, foram utilizados marcadores microssatélites, capazes de detectar polimorfismo ao nível específico. Foram desenvolvidos 22 pares de primers a partir de uma biblioteca enriquecida para K. coriacea. Onze pares de primers amplificaram locos polimórficos e com bom padrão de amplificação para leitura. Nesta espécie, o padrão de bandas apresentou de 12 a 32 bandas por loco, e de duas a oito bandas por indivíduo. Kielmeyera grandiflora apresentou padrão de bandas semelhante. Foram amostradas duas populações de cada espécie (uma alopátrica e uma simpátrica, todas do estado de São Paulo). Trinta plantas de cada população foram genotipadas com oito pares de primers e 213 alelos foram encontrados ao total, quase metade deles sendo compartilhado pelas duas espécies. Diversas abordagens utilizando softwares de genética de populações indicaram dois grupos distintos dentro das populações amostradas, suportando a manutenção das duas espécies propostas por Saddi. A presença de vários alelos específicos de K. grandiflora em plantas de K. coriacea na área onde as espécies são simpátricas sugerem a ocorrência de hibridação introgressiva. Com os resultados obtidos neste trabalho, a proposta de Saddi de separação de K. grandiflora de K. coriacea foi corroborada, e o esclarecimento das relações entre os táxons infraespecíficos de K. coriacea tornou-se iminente à luz das novas ferramentas desenvolvidas. / Abstract: Kielmeyera Mart. & Zucc. (Clusiaceae) has 47 species and its more recent revision was based on morphological characters. The Coriaceae (Wawra) Saddi series is distinguished from the other series mainly by its coriaceous leaves and shrub/tree habit. In its latest circumscription, the series has two species, K. coriacea, with two subspecies and seven varieties, and K. grandiflora, which in the past was considered a variety of the later. However, the circumscription of the two species is problematic and they form the "K. coriacea complex". Kielmeyera coriacea is considered one of the main components of the Cerrado, while K. grandiflora is poorly known. Therefore, both specific taxa of the Coriaceae were investigated to clarify their relationship and to set out a more accurate classification, if necessary. Thus, we carried out morphological, anatomical, phenological, and molecular studies with the two species of the complex. Morphological and leaf anatomy studies were not satisfactory informative and revealed inconsistent differences between the species. Only the secondary veins pattern, the leaf shade and quantity and distribution of phenolic compounds in leaves tissues could be considered diagnostic characters. In addition, the analysis of the leaf surface in Scanning Electron Microscope showed a distinct pattern of epicuticular structure in both species. Microsatellite markers were used in the molecular studies, due to their capacity to detect polymorphism at specific level. Twenty-two primers pairs were developed from an enriched library of K. coriacea and eleven of them amplified polymorphic and readable loci. In this species, the band pattern presented 12 to 32 bands per locus and two to eight bands per individual. Kielmeyera grandiflora showed a similar band pattern. For each species we sampled two populations (one allopatric and one sympatric, all from São Paulo state). Thirty plants of each population were genotyped with eight microsatellites and 213 alleles were found; almost half of that were shared by the two species. Different approaches using population genetics softwares indicated two distinct groups inside the four populations, supporting the maintenance of the two species proposed by Saddi. The presence of many alleles specific to K. grandiflora in K. coriacea plants of the sympatric area suggests an introgressive hybridization. Our results corroborated Saddis's proposal of recognize both K. grandiflora and K. coriacea, and the clarification of the infraspecific taxa of K. coriacea becomes imminent in the light of these new developed tools. / Mestrado / Mestre em Biologia Vegetal

A descrição dos padrões de acumulação de espécies com o aumento da área amostrada, através da curva de acumulação de espécies, tem diversas aplicações no estudo de comunidades vegetais. Porém o uso dessa relação como uma ferramenta para determinar a suficiência amostral em estudos fitossociológicos apresenta problemas metodológicos, como a arbitrariedade da ordem de entrada das unidades amostrais na construção da curva e a pressuposição de que um patamar será obtido no ponto em que o aumento da área amostrada não acrescentar novas espécies à amostra; e também problemas relacionados ao conceito de comunidade vegetal utilizado, que é considerada como uma entidade espacialmente discreta com composição de espécies fixa e definida. Em florestas tropicais a definição desses limites é dificultada pela alta riqueza de espécies e pela falta de estabilização da curva mesmo com grandes tamanhos de amostra. Utilizando dados de três formações florestais tropicais, foram obtidas curvas médias de acumulação de espécies e seus intervalos de confiança empíricos através de procedimentos de aleatorização, que enfatizaram o caráter assintótico da curva e evidenciaram a ausência de um ponto de inflexão para a determinação objetiva de um tamanho ótimo de amostra. Entretanto, o uso dos padrões de acumulação de espécies em estudos comparativos, seja em formações diferentes ou locais dentro de uma mesma formação, mostrou ser mais informativo. A análise das variações das estimativas de riqueza e do padrão de acumulação de espécies com tamanhos crescentes de amostra indicam que é possível identificar níveis de amostragem que permitem a distinção e a comparação entre locais. Por fim, considerando as limitações das medidas tradicionais de diversidade, como a dependência do esforço amostral, foram utilizados os índices de diversidade e distinção taxonômica para caracterizar e comparar a diversidade das diferentes formações estudadas. Além da vantagem de incorporar as diferenças taxonômicas entre as espécies à estimativa de diversidade, esses índices ainda apresentaram independência do esforço amostral e menor variabilidade, permitindo sua utilização na comparação entre áreas que tenham sido amostradas com diferentes intensidades. / The description of species accumulation patterns with the increase of sampled area using the species accumulation curve has many applications to plant community studies. The use of this relation as a tool to determine the sampling sufficiency in phytosociological studies, therefore, shows methodological problems such as the arbitrariness in the order of sampling units for the curve construction and the assumption that this curve tend to a flat line with the increase of sampled area. Another constraint is the plant community concept adopted, where the plant community is saw like a spatially discrete entity with fixed species composition. In tropical forests, the identification of communities boundaries is particularly difficult and, due to their high species richness, the species accumulation curves do not become flat, even with large sample sizes. Data from a sample of 5,74ha in three tropical forests showed a mean species accumulation curves, with empiric confidence intervals obtained by randomization procedures, which emphasized the asymptotical character of the curve. The curve also stressed the absence of a inflection point and indicated that it is not possible to objectively define a optimum sample size. Therefore the use of species accumulation patterns is more informative in comparative studies, either within or between plant formations, than in the description of a given individual study area. The analysis of the variations in richness estimates and species accumulation patterns with increasing sample sizes indicated that is possible to identify optimal sampling sizes in the comparison of different forest areas that allows to distinguish them. Finally, considering the limitations of traditional diversity measures, such as sampling effort dependency, diversity and distinctness taxonomic indexes were used to characterize and compare the diversity of the three different plant formations. Besides the advantage of incorporating the taxonomic differences among species, these indexes showed independence of sampling sizes and had estimates of low variability, which allows their utilization in comparisons of areas sampled with different intensities.