For gravity wave trains propagating over an arbitrary wavy bottom, a perturbation expansion is developed to the third-order by employing three small perturbation parameters. Both the resonant and non-resonant cases are treated and the singular behavior at resonance is treated separately. All the theoretical results are presented in explicit forms and easy to apply. The bottom effects of different mean water depths and different degrees of undulation, as well as the steepness of incident waves, are clearly described by the theoretical results. In general non-resonant cases, the surface fluctuations deduced from undulated bottom topography decrease as the relative water depth increases and vice versa. The theory can be applied to the cases for wave trains propagating over wavy bottom topography with any arbitrary incident angles which are closer to natural phenomenon in coastal zone. Not only the well-known Bragg resonance but also the higher-order Bragg resonances are included in resonant cases. Unlike previous studies that analyze specific bottom topographies based on prescribed resonant conditions, both Bragg and higher-order Bragg resonances are revealed through the perturbation procedure step by step. For the resonant wave field, the amplification with propagating distance and time is revealed with the aid of the growth of energy flux. This theory is successfully verified by reducing to simpler situations. Also, the analytical results for the special case of two-dimensional wavy bottom are compared with experimental data for validation.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2004. / Advisor: Dr. Jeff Chanton, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Oceanography. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 16, 2004). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-225). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

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Did you know that in 2008 the largest publicly listed companies in the world caused environmental damage for a total estimated cost of $2.15 trillion, accounting for 35% of total global environmental costs caused by human activity? Or did you know that three million people die every year because of outdoor pollution made by vehicles and factories? Most companies have some sort of environmental policy that aims to reduce waste and pollution, but there are few that aim to become a climate neutral business. Our study has the intention to find out why some companies are willing to do something extra for the environment by voluntary compensate for their emissions through carbon offsets. Previous research has shown that there is a lack of understanding regarding the motivations to reduce emissions and that there is a need for studies to find out motivations for why companies buy voluntary carbon offsets, which leads us to our problem definition: What motivates companies to buy voluntary emission offsets? We developed four sub-purposes that helped us in our journey towards an answer to our research question. These were: identify incentives for emission offsetting, important aspects when evaluating which projects to support, if and how companies are communicating their offsetting activities and whether the possibility of buying emission offsets reduce incentives for companies to decrease their own emissions. Our degree project is written on commission for Respect Climate, a sustainability consultancy that operates in the area of Scandinavia. They help their customers to reduce their emissions, make climate calculations and offset emissions. Our aim with our conclusions of our degree project is to help Respect Climate to market their services to potential customers. As our degree project focuses on underlying motivations behind their customers’ behavior, we have chosen to do a qualitative study. First we implemented two interviews with employees at Respect Climate, which acted as a foundation to our interviews with four of their business customers. Further, we chose to collect communication data from their customers’ annual reports and websites in order to get a third dimension to our study. Our conclusions have shown that the primary motivation for engaging in emission offsetting is doing something good for the environment, but other incentives within the social and economic aspects of the Triple Bottom Line are expressed as well.

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The aim of this study is to compare observational data to data simulated by a one dimensional model. Observational data collected from January to July 2006 at Lake Whitney, Texas, included water current velocities from an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, and an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter from which shear stress, turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates, and turbulence kinetic energy were computed using several methods. Numerical model experiments, forced by the surface heat and momentum fluxes, velocity profiles, and temperature profiles were conducted to simulate the development of the turbulence parameters. Two equation models, k-epsilon and k-kl, were used to find which model best describes the observed physical processes (turbulence kinetic energy, turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and velocity variances). The combined observational and simulated results show a change in stratification levels that consequently leads to variations in turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, turbulent kinetic energy, and the velocity variances. In order to investigate the accuracy of the model, we quantitatively compared these parameters to estimates from the observed data in the bottom boundary layer. In general, the model and observational data agree well for the three parameters, with the exception of some time periods, during which the model prediction differed from the observed. This was at times when the Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter measurements were at the noise level of the instrument. Overall, the k-kl model simulation results appear to be closer to the observational results during the weakly and strongly stratified periods than the k-epsilon model.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1991 / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-195) / Microfiche. / xxii, 195 leaves, bound ill., maps 29 cm