Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references.

Intraprostatic injection of BTX-A has demonstrated clinical improvement in men with bladder out let obstruction. Firstly, we investigated the mechanisms of action of BTX-A on the prostate. Secondly, an animal model for nonbacterial prostatitis in rats was developed using intraprostatic injection of capsaicin, an agent thought to excite c-afferent fibers and cause neurogenic inflammation. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) was tested in this model. (1) Adult male Spragu-Dawley rats were injected with varying doses of BTX-A into the prostate, and the prostates were harvested after 1 or 2 weeks. The effects of BTX-A on prostate histology, and the proliferative and apoptotic indexes were determined using hematoxylin and eosin staining, proliferative cell nuclear antigen staining and TUNEL staining, respectively. Changes in a1A adrenergic receptor and androgen receptor were evaluated by Western blotting. (2) Adult male Spragu-Dawley rats were injected with varying doses of capsaicin into the prostate. The nociceptive effects of capsaicin were evaluated for 30 min by using a behavior approach; the prostate was removed for histology and cyclooxygenase (COX) 2 concentration measurement. Evans blue (50mg/kg) was also injected intravenously to assess for plasma protein extravasation. The other set of animals were injected with up to 20U of BoNT-A into the prostates 1 wk prior to intraprostatic injection of 1000umol/l capsaicin. (1) One week after BTX-A injection generalized prostate atrophy was observed. There was a significant increase in apoptotic cells (12, 16 and 22-fold), and decrease in proliferative cells (38%, 77% and 80%) and a1A adrenergic receptor (13%, 80% and 81%) for 5U, 10U and 20U, respectively. There was no significant change in androgen receptors. The effects were decreased 2 weeks after BTX-A treatment. (2) Capsaicin dose dependently induced modifications in pain behavior closing of the eyes, hypolocomotion, and inflammatory changes: increase of inflammatory cell accumulation, COX2 expression, and plasma extravasation at the acute stage, but completely recovered at 1 wk. BoNT-A pretreatment dose dependently reversed pain behavior and inflammation. BoNT-A 20U significantly decreased inflammatory cell accumulation, COX2 expression, and Evans blue extraction (82.1%, 93.0% and 50.4, respectively), and reduced pain behavior (66.% for eye score and 46.5% for locomotion score). Conclusion (1): BTX-A injection into the prostate alters cellular dynamics by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting proliferation and down-regulating a1A adrenergic receptors. BTX-A may potentially be the drug that has dual actions on the static and dynamic components of benign prostatic hyperplasia. (2): Intraprostatic capsaicin injection induced neurogenic prostatitis and prostatic pain, and may be a useful research model. BoNT-A produced anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, and support clinical evaluation in prostatitis.

Thesis (D.PT.)--Sage Colleges, 2010. / "May 2010." "A Capstone project for PTY 768 presented to the faculty of The Department of Physical Therapy Sage Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Physical Therapy." Includes bibliographical references.

M.Tech. / The development of wrinkles is an aspect of ageing that causes people to become dissatisfied with their appearance. The most obvious or noticeable wrinkles on a person's face are those around and between the eyes. Treatment of, for example the wrinkles between the eyes, such as the most prominent frown lines, leads to a visible improvement of appearance ...

This study deals with the effects of botulinum toxin A treatment on pathological muscular hyperactivity in a group of 53 children. The thesis objective was to evaluat eeffect of botulinum toxin on muscle tone, range of movement and motor performance of the patient. The theoretical part summarizes the knowledge about this theme, characterizes the term spasticity and an impact of botulinum toxin on abnormal muscular hyperactivity. The practical part evaluates the effect of botulinum toxin in two groups of patients. The first group consists of 14 children, who were tested before and at least one month after botulinum toxin application. Clinical assessment involved range of movement measurement, the evaluation of spasticity with Modified Ashworth scale, Global Assesment of Spasticity Scale (GSA), assessment of motor performance with the use of GMFM test and Functional Independence Meassure for children WeeFIM and summarized physical therapeutic methods used in treatment of patients before and after the application. The second group consists of 39 patients who administered the GSA survey forms within a period of one month. The results confirmed positive effect of botulinum toxin treatment on reduction of spasticity, increasing of range of movement and improvement of motor performance of children. Powered by...

Excessive muscle tone or stiffness secondary to stroke frequently involves the ankle plantarflexors and has been associated with decreased mobility and reduced function. Although becoming more common in clinical practice, the effectiveness of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injected in the ankle plantarflexors on gait biomechanics is not well established. The primary objective of this study was to describe the kinematic and kinetic changes that occur during walking following BTX-A treatment of the hypertonic ankle plantarflexors. As well, the study explored whether there were clinical characteristics uniquely associated with subjects that exhibited biomechanical improvement. The study was a single group, open label trial with repeated measures, including multiple baseline and three post-intervention time points. Seven chronic hemiparetic stroke subjects with ankle hypertonicity were included in the study. Full lower limb bilateral gait analysis provided joint kinematic and kinetic information throughout stance. As well, clinical measures of ankle range of motion and spasticity were assessed pre and post treatment. Data were analyzed using paired samples t-tests and repeated measures ANOVA with Least Significant Difference adjustment for post-hoc analysis as necessary (significance level p≤0.05). Of the kinematic variables, significant improvements in peak dorsiflexion and plantarflexion and the ankle angle at initial contact were found 10 weeks post-injection relative to baseline. No significant kinetic changes were detected, however 2 subjects showed improved positive work at the ankle post-injection and 5 subjects demonstrated increased positive work at the hip post-treatment. Although subjects were classified as “responders” or “non-responders” based on clinical improvement observed 2 weeks post-injection, there was no observable association between those who responded clinically and those who demonstrated improved gait. The major findings suggest that BTX-A injection results in tone reduction and in some cases improves the biomechanical efficiency of gait. In cases where kinetic variables remained unchanged following treatment, perhaps the increased tone was not the limiting factor of reduced function. / Thesis (Master, Neuroscience Studies) -- Queen's University, 2007-08-30 09:41:03.24

Botulism is a foodborne intoxication caused by ingestion of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). Preliminary studies focussed on the production of polyclonal antisera against BoNT/E by immunizing a rabbit with botulinal toxoid type E. The antiserum was subsequently used to detect BoNT/E using the slot blot immunoassay where samples were applied to a slot blot filtration manifold and drawn by vacuum through a membrane. The membrane was then immunologically processed before chemiluminescent detection. However, the antisera lacked specificity and cross-reacted with closely related clostridia strains. / The specificity of the antisera was increased by adsorbing cross-reactive antibodies from whole antisera with affinity columns made with total proteins from culture supernatants of closely related clostridia. Alternatively, specific antibodies were isolated with an affinity column prepared with C. botulinum type E toxoid. / Different methods of concentrating BoNT/E in each sample prior to testing them were evaluated to increase the sensitivity of the assay. / The slot blot immunoassay was then evaluated for detection of BoNT/E in mixed cultures and in food samples. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2007. / "May, 2007." Includes bibliographical references. Online version available on the World Wide Web.

This study has brought an overview of botulinum toxin and its influence on the human muscles, especially on spastic muscles. In the practical part is resumed experience with botulinum toxin A therapy in children with cerebral palsy. There were observed two groups. Group A (n=9) was measured before and after therapy. Patients in group B (n=24) filled out a table of the global spasticity scale, which they returned by mail. All the patients improved after the treatment. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

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