Boundary Bay is a novel that explores important areas of investigation linked to education. These fields of inquiry include: literary study and the teaching of literature, aesthetics and artistic production. The novel also investigates the nature of teachers' lives in school and university settings, the nature of institutional education, societal issues affecting intellectual and creative life, the roles of the woman poet and teacher, the social structures and conventions of marriage and contemporary women, the conflicts and paradoxes of motherhood, the issues of teen suicide and homosexuality, and the transformative power of literature and artistic forms of seeing the world. As an example of arts-based qualitative research, the "art of fiction" is envisioned as an extension of human experience. The novel or literary narrative as a viable mode of representation for research is envisioned in light of the perception that ideas can be reflectively addressed through the arts in order to enlarge human understandings. Boundary Bay explores the vital roles literary fictions play in our everyday lives and in educational processes. Fictions are not the unreal side of reality or the opposite of reality: they are conditions that enable the production of possible worlds. In this sense, fiction can become a premise for epistemological positionings. The writing of Boundary Bay is informed by narratives of beginning secondary school teachers as well as the narratives of Ph.D. candidates and university educators. Boundary Bay is a novel that forms a response to the debate at the 1996 Annual American Educational Researcher's Association Meeting (AERA) between Elliot Eisner and Howard Gardner recorded in "Should a Novel Count as a Dissertation in Education?" (Saks, 1996; Donmoyer, 1996). The debate between Eisner and Gardner continued as Boundary Bay was presented at a symposium titled "Shaking the Ivory Tower: Writing, Advising and Critiquing the Postmodern Dissertation" at AERA 1999 in Montreal. The manuscript of poetry interwoven through Boundary Bay was short-listed for the 1998 CBC Canada Council Literary Awards. Boundary Bay was a semifinalist for the 1999 Robertson Davies Prize for fiction.

Boundary Bay is a novel that explores important areas of investigation linked to education. These fields of inquiry include: literary study and the teaching of literature, aesthetics and artistic production. The novel also investigates the nature of teachers' lives in school and university settings, the nature of institutional education, societal issues affecting intellectual and creative life, the roles of the woman poet and teacher, the social structures and conventions of marriage and contemporary women, the conflicts and paradoxes of motherhood, the issues of teen suicide and homosexuality, and the transformative power of literature and artistic forms of seeing the world. As an example of arts-based qualitative research, the "art of fiction" is envisioned as an extension of human experience. The novel or literary narrative as a viable mode of representation for research is envisioned in light of the perception that ideas can be reflectively addressed through the arts in order to enlarge human understandings. Boundary Bay explores the vital roles literary fictions play in our everyday lives and in educational processes. Fictions are not the unreal side of reality or the opposite of reality: they are conditions that enable the production of possible worlds. In this sense, fiction can become a premise for epistemological positionings. The writing of Boundary Bay is informed by narratives of beginning secondary school teachers as well as the narratives of Ph.D. candidates and university educators. Boundary Bay is a novel that forms a response to the debate at the 1996 Annual American Educational Researcher's Association Meeting (AERA) between Elliot Eisner and Howard Gardner recorded in "Should a Novel Count as a Dissertation in Education?" (Saks, 1996; Donmoyer, 1996). The debate between Eisner and Gardner continued as Boundary Bay was presented at a symposium titled "Shaking the Ivory Tower: Writing, Advising and Critiquing the Postmodern Dissertation" at AERA 1999 in Montreal. The manuscript of poetry interwoven through Boundary Bay was short-listed for the 1998 CBC Canada Council Literary Awards. Boundary Bay was a semifinalist for the 1999 Robertson Davies Prize for fiction. / Education, Faculty of / Language and Literacy Education (LLED), Department of / Graduate

This thesis analyses a problem that is common in planning for conservacy areas — the problem of the meeting dual and contradictory objectives of preserving natural areas that must also be used for recreation. Where one objective excludes the other, a compromise must be reached. Previous experience in North America has shown that it is not easy to reconcile the two functions. A case study approach is used in the thesis. The study area, Boundary Bay, is an important waterfowl and shore-bird habitat. The Bay also has the potential to serve many recreational needs close to an urban area, Greater Vancouver. The role of Boundary Bay, including Mud and Semiahmoo Bays, and their shorelands in the ecology of wildlife species is analysed using census and food chain data. Information collected for an inventory of regional recreation suggests which recreation needs might be satisfied at Boundary Bay. Guidelines are developed for integration of human activity and wildlife habitat, based on anticipated recreational use of the Bay. Data from four public meetings in Surrey points to the existence of some concern on the part of Bay area residents about the implications of conservacy use of the Bay. Suggestions for further investigation or resolution of these conflicts are made. The issues involved in planning Boundary Bay are complex ones because of the number of interests involved. There is no "right" way of proceeding. Four scenarios are developed to illustrate alternative means of applying resource management guidelines and measures for resolution of conflicts to the study area. Each alternative requires a different level and type of management with different implications for long term reconciliation of use with preservation. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The development of a late Holocene salt marsh was studied on the inactive part of the Fraser Delta at Boundary Bay, southwestern British Columbia. Present-day vegetation zones near 64th Street, South Delta, in the western part of the Bay, were distinguished in the salt marsh and were related to zones found in cores obtained in a transect across the marsh. A sequence of development, related to elevation, was determined. Salicornia and Triglochin are pioneer colonizers of the tidal flats and are sometimes associated with areas elevated by algal mats. As the area was elevated, sediments were trapped by vegetation and stabilized by rhizomes, and other halophytes grew, including Cuscuta, Sperqularia, Atriplex, Distichlis, Grindelia, and Plantago. A zone characterized by abundant Atriplex represents positions of former strandlines. As further emergence occurred, mesophytes became dominant and, in the landward, most emergent zone, a diverse flora of Maius, Sjdalcea, Aster, AchiIlea, Solidaqo, Elymus, Angelica, Juncus, and grasses developed. A radiocarbon date on Salicornia-rich organic silts at a depth of 35 to 40 cm in core 5 suggests that salt marsh development commenced 320 ± 70 years B.P. (GSC-3186). A former salt marsh peat is now partially buried and being actively eroded where exposed near 112th Street, South Delta, in eastern Boundary Bay. A paleoenvironmental reconstruction suggests the peat started developing in freshwater, with ferns, sedges, Typha, and Nuphar. Later, it was successively inundated by marine water and a salt marsh developed, as seen by an increase in the abundance of chenopod pollen. Subsequent emergence of the salt marsh was accompanied by the development of an increasingly diverse vegetation. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

In this thesis, I constrain rupture scenarios of active crustal faults in the southern Strait of Georgia and Boundary Bay in order to assess their tsunamigenic potential. The NW-SE-trending Drayton Harbor, Birch Bay, and Sandy Point faults had been previously identified on the southern side of Boundary Bay from aeromagnetic, LiDAR, and paleoseismic data; all show evidence of abrupt vertical Holocene displacements. South of Boundary Bay, the E-W-trending Skipjack Island fault zone was recently mapped on the basis of multibeam sonar imagery and seismic reflection data, with evidence for Holocene offsets of the seafloor and subsurface sediments. In addition, the Fraser River Delta fault had been hypothesized on the basis of a line of pockmarks and fluid seeps. Since these faults have only been recently mapped and identified as active, there is little information available on their structure, rupture style, and past large earthquakes. This makes it difficult to constrain rupture models to predict how fault slip could displace the seafloor during a large earthquake, for input to tsunami models. I analyzed relocated earthquake hypocentres, earthquake mechanisms, bathymetry, topography, and aeromagnetic, seismic reflection, and magnetotelluric data, to constrain the location, strike, dip, and rupture width of each fault. Correlations between datasets enabled mapping of northwestward extensions of the Sandy Point and Birch Bay faults, as well as delineating the previously unmapped Fraser River Delta fault. These offshore faults appear to be associated with infilled basement valleys in the subsurface, perhaps due to differential glacial erosion of weakened fault zone material. The Drayton Harbor fault could not be definitively mapped across Boundary Bay, so was excluded from the rupture modelling. Rupture styles were constrained using a combination of earthquake mechanisms, stress orientations, other evidence of regional compression, and vertical paleoseismic offsets. Where possible, paleoseismic displacements in past earthquakes were used to constrain the amount of fault slip for scenario earthquakes; empirical relations between fault slip and fault length or area were used to estimate displacements for the Skipjack Island and Fraser River Delta faults. The Birch Bay, Sandy Point, Skipjack Island, and Fraser River Delta faults all pose a significant tsunami risk to communities surrounding the southern Strait of Georgia and Boundary Bay. Considering both the originally mapped and extended lengths, the Birch Bay and Sandy Point faults could rupture in reverse-faulting earthquakes up to Mw 6.7-7.4 and 6.8-7.5, respectively, with seafloor uplift up to 2-2.5 m triggering damaging tsunami waves (up to at least 2.5 m) that could arrive onshore with little to no warning after the shaking begins. Similarly, the Fraser River Delta fault could host reverse or dextral-reverse slip earthquakes up to Mw 7.0-7.6, with seafloor uplift of 0.6-3.5 m. Ruptures on the Skipjack Island fault would likely have a larger strike-slip component; earthquakes of Mw 6.9-7.3 produce modelled seafloor uplift of 0.5-1.9 m. These results suggest that large tsunamigenic earthquakes on crustal faults in the southern Strait of Georgia should be included in future seismic and tsunami hazard assessments on both sides of the international border. / Graduate