Decades of burgeoning humanism, intensifying lay piety, and an increasing anticlerical sentiment, paved the way for Martin Luther's reforming message when it reached the Low Countries in 1519. As ruler of the territory, Charles V resolved to curb the spread of heterodoxy via the promulgation of a series of anti-heresy edicts. Increasing in severity throughout his reign, these edicts gradually removed the prosecution of heresy from the jurisdiction of the church, placing it squarely under the control of secular officials. The success of Charles's religious legislation was therefore contingent upon the cooperation of primarily local, secular rulers. But municipal officials and their subjects viewed Charles's anti-heresy legislation as an unwelcome encroachment on their local autonomy, and a disturbing manifestation of the emperor's centralizing ambitions. Consequently, they formed a resolute front of determined resistance to the imposition of Charles's religious policies throughout his reign. This study examines the motivations underlying this opposition, as well as the specific ways in which such resistance manifested itself.Chronologically, the study addresses the years of Charles's reign (1515-1555) and geographically, the duchy of Brabant. This region, in the southern Low Countries (the modern-day borderland of Belgium and the Netherlands) was home to some of the most important urban centers in Europe. In the chapters that follow, the major Brabantine cities of Antwerp (the most lucrative commercial metropolis of the period), Leuven (home to the Catholic university and an important center of Roman theology), and Brussels (seat, after 1531, of Charles's central administration) will be examined in terms of their role in the religious controversy of the period, and the reactions of their inhabitants to the edicts promulgated by Charles.The anti-heresy edicts of Charles V represent one of the earliest attempts of a European ruler to establish a governmental policy for treating religious difference. This examination of the responses to these legal innovations provides not only a more detailed understanding of struggles for political autonomy, but a more nuanced view of belief and heterodoxy in this crucial period in the history of the early modern Low Countries.

Thèse, Université d'Utrecht, 1993. / Mention parallèle de titre ou de responsabilité : De transformatie van het stadsbeeld. Bibliogr. p. 226-241.

Thesis (doctoral)--Tilburg. / Summary in French. Includes bibliographical references (p. xxi-xxxii).

Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2003--Aachen.

A morfologia e variação das frentes de geleiras da ilha Brabant, oeste da península Antártica, foram estudadas através do uso de imagens, obtidas pelos satélites LANDSAT 4 e 7 em 1989 e 2001. Esses dados foram complementados por informações espaciais de temáticas ambientais importantes para o conhecimento glaciológico, como a geologia, altimetria, clima e circulação oceânica. A metodologia está baseada na interpretação conjunta desses dados e no mapeamento dos fatores controladores da dinâmica e da morfologia das bacias glaciais delimitadas, utilizando um sistema de informações geográficas. Os limites de 76 bacias glaciais identificadas no campo de gelo que cobrem a ilha são determinados pelo controle estrutural do substrato subglacial, ocorrendo diferenciação morfológica entre as bacias do lado leste e oeste, incrementadas pelas condições climáticas e oceanográficas predominantes em cada lado. No lado oeste, a altitude da linha transiente de neve em 2001 era 250 m, em alguns trechos alcançava 750 m. No lado leste, essa alcança 1.250 metros de altitude. Essa variação é controlada basicamente pela topografia e secundariamente pelas condições climáticas. A área da ilha em 1989 era de 916 km2, dos quais 98,5% recobertos por gelo. No período 1989-2001 ocorreu variação na posição frontal em 23 geleiras, das quais 18 retraíram e 5 avançaram. O balanço dessas variações causou a perda de 2,7 km2 na área da ilha. As maiores retrações ocorreram nas geleiras de maré Rush e 61, cujas frentes retraíram 1.200 e 450 m na sua posição frontal, correspondendo a perda de 1,4 e 0,4 km2, respectivamente. / The morphology and variation of glacier fronts on the Brabant Island icefield, Western Antarctic Peninsula, were studied by employing imagery, obtained from LANDSAT 4 and 7, in 1989 and 2001. Spatial information from other glaciologicaly relevant environmental themes, such as geology, altimetry, climate and ocean circulation, was added to the imagery data. This methodology is based on an integrated interpretation of the different data sets and mapping of the factors controlling the dynamics and morphology of the glacial drainage basin limits, using a geographic information system. The limits of 76 drainage basins, identified in the icefield that covers the island, are determined by the subglacial bedrock structural control, thus, promoting morphological differences between the eastern and western drainage basins, which are additionally boosted by the different predominant climatic and oceanographic conditions found on the two coasts. On the west side, the 2001 transient snowline altitude was 250 m, reaching 750 m at some segments. On the eastern side, the transient snowline altitude attained 1,250 m. This variation is basically controlled by the topography and, secondarily, by climatic conditions. The area of the island in 1989 was 916 km2, of which 98.5% was ice covered. In the period between 1989-2001, 23 glaciers showed variation in their glacial terminus, 18 of which retreated and 5 advanced. The balance of these variations resulted in a loss of the island’s area of 2.7 km2. The greatest retractions occurred at the Rush and 61 tidal glaciers, where the related terminus retreated 1,200 and 450 m from their former positions, corresponding to a loss of 1.4 and 0.4 km2, respectively.

A morfologia e variação das frentes de geleiras da ilha Brabant, oeste da península Antártica, foram estudadas através do uso de imagens, obtidas pelos satélites LANDSAT 4 e 7 em 1989 e 2001. Esses dados foram complementados por informações espaciais de temáticas ambientais importantes para o conhecimento glaciológico, como a geologia, altimetria, clima e circulação oceânica. A metodologia está baseada na interpretação conjunta desses dados e no mapeamento dos fatores controladores da dinâmica e da morfologia das bacias glaciais delimitadas, utilizando um sistema de informações geográficas. Os limites de 76 bacias glaciais identificadas no campo de gelo que cobrem a ilha são determinados pelo controle estrutural do substrato subglacial, ocorrendo diferenciação morfológica entre as bacias do lado leste e oeste, incrementadas pelas condições climáticas e oceanográficas predominantes em cada lado. No lado oeste, a altitude da linha transiente de neve em 2001 era 250 m, em alguns trechos alcançava 750 m. No lado leste, essa alcança 1.250 metros de altitude. Essa variação é controlada basicamente pela topografia e secundariamente pelas condições climáticas. A área da ilha em 1989 era de 916 km2, dos quais 98,5% recobertos por gelo. No período 1989-2001 ocorreu variação na posição frontal em 23 geleiras, das quais 18 retraíram e 5 avançaram. O balanço dessas variações causou a perda de 2,7 km2 na área da ilha. As maiores retrações ocorreram nas geleiras de maré Rush e 61, cujas frentes retraíram 1.200 e 450 m na sua posição frontal, correspondendo a perda de 1,4 e 0,4 km2, respectivamente. / The morphology and variation of glacier fronts on the Brabant Island icefield, Western Antarctic Peninsula, were studied by employing imagery, obtained from LANDSAT 4 and 7, in 1989 and 2001. Spatial information from other glaciologicaly relevant environmental themes, such as geology, altimetry, climate and ocean circulation, was added to the imagery data. This methodology is based on an integrated interpretation of the different data sets and mapping of the factors controlling the dynamics and morphology of the glacial drainage basin limits, using a geographic information system. The limits of 76 drainage basins, identified in the icefield that covers the island, are determined by the subglacial bedrock structural control, thus, promoting morphological differences between the eastern and western drainage basins, which are additionally boosted by the different predominant climatic and oceanographic conditions found on the two coasts. On the west side, the 2001 transient snowline altitude was 250 m, reaching 750 m at some segments. On the eastern side, the transient snowline altitude attained 1,250 m. This variation is basically controlled by the topography and, secondarily, by climatic conditions. The area of the island in 1989 was 916 km2, of which 98.5% was ice covered. In the period between 1989-2001, 23 glaciers showed variation in their glacial terminus, 18 of which retreated and 5 advanced. The balance of these variations resulted in a loss of the island’s area of 2.7 km2. The greatest retractions occurred at the Rush and 61 tidal glaciers, where the related terminus retreated 1,200 and 450 m from their former positions, corresponding to a loss of 1.4 and 0.4 km2, respectively.

A morfologia e variação das frentes de geleiras da ilha Brabant, oeste da península Antártica, foram estudadas através do uso de imagens, obtidas pelos satélites LANDSAT 4 e 7 em 1989 e 2001. Esses dados foram complementados por informações espaciais de temáticas ambientais importantes para o conhecimento glaciológico, como a geologia, altimetria, clima e circulação oceânica. A metodologia está baseada na interpretação conjunta desses dados e no mapeamento dos fatores controladores da dinâmica e da morfologia das bacias glaciais delimitadas, utilizando um sistema de informações geográficas. Os limites de 76 bacias glaciais identificadas no campo de gelo que cobrem a ilha são determinados pelo controle estrutural do substrato subglacial, ocorrendo diferenciação morfológica entre as bacias do lado leste e oeste, incrementadas pelas condições climáticas e oceanográficas predominantes em cada lado. No lado oeste, a altitude da linha transiente de neve em 2001 era 250 m, em alguns trechos alcançava 750 m. No lado leste, essa alcança 1.250 metros de altitude. Essa variação é controlada basicamente pela topografia e secundariamente pelas condições climáticas. A área da ilha em 1989 era de 916 km2, dos quais 98,5% recobertos por gelo. No período 1989-2001 ocorreu variação na posição frontal em 23 geleiras, das quais 18 retraíram e 5 avançaram. O balanço dessas variações causou a perda de 2,7 km2 na área da ilha. As maiores retrações ocorreram nas geleiras de maré Rush e 61, cujas frentes retraíram 1.200 e 450 m na sua posição frontal, correspondendo a perda de 1,4 e 0,4 km2, respectivamente. / The morphology and variation of glacier fronts on the Brabant Island icefield, Western Antarctic Peninsula, were studied by employing imagery, obtained from LANDSAT 4 and 7, in 1989 and 2001. Spatial information from other glaciologicaly relevant environmental themes, such as geology, altimetry, climate and ocean circulation, was added to the imagery data. This methodology is based on an integrated interpretation of the different data sets and mapping of the factors controlling the dynamics and morphology of the glacial drainage basin limits, using a geographic information system. The limits of 76 drainage basins, identified in the icefield that covers the island, are determined by the subglacial bedrock structural control, thus, promoting morphological differences between the eastern and western drainage basins, which are additionally boosted by the different predominant climatic and oceanographic conditions found on the two coasts. On the west side, the 2001 transient snowline altitude was 250 m, reaching 750 m at some segments. On the eastern side, the transient snowline altitude attained 1,250 m. This variation is basically controlled by the topography and, secondarily, by climatic conditions. The area of the island in 1989 was 916 km2, of which 98.5% was ice covered. In the period between 1989-2001, 23 glaciers showed variation in their glacial terminus, 18 of which retreated and 5 advanced. The balance of these variations resulted in a loss of the island’s area of 2.7 km2. The greatest retractions occurred at the Rush and 61 tidal glaciers, where the related terminus retreated 1,200 and 450 m from their former positions, corresponding to a loss of 1.4 and 0.4 km2, respectively.

Thesis advisor: Boyd Taylor Coolman / Richard of St. Victor is known primarily for two arguments from his book On the Trinity. The first is that the relationship between the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit can be understood from the logic of love, which tends toward sharing with others. The second is that a divine person (persona) is an “individual existence of a divine nature,” a revision of the definition of personhood given centuries earlier by Boethius. Fewer contemporary theologians are familiar with the third major innovation Richard makes in this work. In his description of love among the trinitarian persons, Richard organizes the three loving divine persons according to three modes of loving: gratuitous love (amor gratuitus) identical with the Father, owed love (amor debitus) identical with the Holy Spirit, and love mixed from both (amor permixtus) identical with the Son. The most striking—because the most apparently problematic—part of this scheme is the nomination of amor debitus, owed love, as a mode of loving proper to the Trinity. Presenting the apparently contradictory combination of owing and loving as a love proper to God as God, the conundra raised by Richard’s use of this phrase were interpreted away by his scholastic readers in a way that buried the potential of his insight for discussions about the nature of love called divine. My dissertation analyzes the meaning of amor debitus to reframe and re-present Richard’s arguments in On the Trinity with Richard’s radical claim about the nature of intra-trinitarian love in clearer view. I argue that the notion of owed love represents a class of experience which is distinct both from the obligation of a command (typically associated with debitum) and from the freedom of an unaffected choice (typically associated with amor). Amor debitus fuses the quality of the command or commanding conditions with a freedom that is not intrinsic to these prior conditions, but does not leave them behind. Richard’s link between owed love as a personal property in the Trinity and as the norm of human love for God gives Richard a fresh approach to the idea that “God’s love has been poured out into our hearts through the Holy Spirit” (Rom. 5:5), and therefore also to the longstanding Christian claim that human love is owed to God, ordered to neighborly service, and free. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2024. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Theology.

Diss. : Geschichtswissenschaft : Bonn : 1982. - Bibliogr. p. 11-27. -

Etude du rôle des banquiers piémontais au service des ducs de Brabant et de leurs rapports avec les différents pouvoirs: Prince, noblesse et villes.<p>Estimation de leur fonction économique et sociale au sein de la société urbaine brabançonne. / Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished