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Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1985. / Bibliography: leaves 210-235. / Photocopy. / Microfilm. / xiv, 235 leaves, bound 29 cm

Orientadores: Helena Teixeira Godoy, Fabio Augusto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T13:02:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kowalski_ClaudiaHoffmann_D.pdf: 1521730 bytes, checksum: 5077a83f5292bcd2dd1b651ce2fc229c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Um estudo sobre a contaminação do leite materno com bifenilas policloradas (PCB) foi desenvolvido objetivando um conhecimento mais amplo dessa problemática no nosso país. Para isso, amostras de leite foram coletadas em nove estados brasileiros e questionários contendo perguntas sobre hábitos alimentares, condições sócio-econômicas, locais de habitação entre outras foram aplicados às mães doadoras. A determinação dos PCB foi feita por Microextração em Fase Sólida no modo headspace (HS-SPME) combinada com Cromatografia Gasosa e Detector de Captura de Elétrons (GC-ECD). As etapas da SPME foram otimizadas univariadamente e através de planejamento experimental Doehlert. A análise de variância mostrou que a temperatura de extração e a força iônica do meio (estudada através da adição de NaCl) foram as variáveis que mais influenciaram nas quantidades de PCB extraídas. Em seguida, refinaram-se as condições experimentais através de uma abordagem neuro-genética (rede neural Bayesiana aliada a algoritmos genéticos) que identificou como o ponto experimental ótimo a seguinte condição: concentração de NaCl de 0,36 g mL-1, temperatura de extração de 95,0 °C, tempo de extração de 60 minutos e adição de 210 µL de metanol. Após a otimização, o método foi validado através do estudo das figuras de mérito e apresentou-se linear na faixa estudada (1 a 16 µg L-1) com r > 0,9884, além de boa precisão (RSD < 12 %, n = 5), recuperação aceitável (71 a 127 %) e limites de quantificação entre 0,45 µg L-1 e 2,42 µg L-1. A fim de estabelecer correlações entre os resultados das amostras (expressos na forma de áreas cromatográficas) e os resultados obtidos nos questionários, fez-se uso da rede neural de Kohonen. Assim, foi possível verificar que nas cidades metropolitanas o acúmulo de PCB no leite é mais expressivo que em outras regiões. Por exemplo, em São Paulo 58 % das amostras estavam contaminadas com algum PCB, principalmente os congêneres 180 e 153. Outro resultado gerado pela rede foi que, em geral, as amostras de leite maduro (maior porcentagem de gordura) estavam mais contaminadas com PCB. O número de gestações também foi um fator importante a ser considerado, pois o estudo mostrou que o primeiro filho normalmente recebe uma dose maior de PCB do que os demais. Ainda, maior contaminação foi encontrada no leite de mães que moram nas proximidades de indústrias e/ou rios poluídos, corroborando com o fato de que esses compostos chegam facilmente ao meio ambiente e em seguida aos seres humanos / Abstract: A study about the contamination of the breast milk with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) was developed aiming a wider knowledge of this problematic in our country. For that, breast milk samples were collected in nine Brazilian states and questionnaires with questions regarding to food habits, social and economic conditions, places of dwelling between others were applied to the donors. The determination of the PCB was done by headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with Gas Chromatography and Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD). The SPME steps were optimized through univariated procedures and Doehlert experimental design. The analysis of variance showed that the temperature of extraction and the ionic strength of the media (studied by the addition of NaCl) were the most significant variables in the quantities of extracted PCB. After that, the experimental conditions were refined considering a neurogenetic approach (Bayesian neural network and genetic algorithms) and it was identified as the optimum experimental point the following condition: concentration of NaCl of 0.36 g mL-1, temperature of extraction of 95.0 °C, time of extraction of 60 minutes and addition of 210 µL of methanol. After the optimization, the method was validated through the study of the figures of merit. It showed linear in the studied range (1 to 16 µg L-1) with r > 0.9884, besides good precision (RSD < 12 %, n = 5), acceptable recuperation (71 to 127 %) and limits of quantization between 0.45 µg L-1 and 2.42 µg L-1. In order to establish correlations between the results of the samples (expressed as chromatographic areas) and the results obtained in the questionnaires, Kohonen neural network had been used. Thus, it was possible to check that in the metropolitan cities the accumulation of PCB in the milk is more expressive than in other regions. For example, in Sao Paulo state, 58 % of the samples were contaminated by some PCB, mainly the congener 180 and 153. Another result produced by the net was that the samples of hindmilk (higher fat percentage) were the most contaminated. The number of gestations also was an important factor to be considered, since the study showed that the first son normally receives a higher dosage of PCB compared to the others. Also higher levels of contamination was found in the milk of mothers who lived in the proximities of industries and/or polluted rivers, corroborating with the fact that these compounds are easily spread in the environment and consequently in the human beings / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

This study was concerned with establishing the extent to which various components of the environment were exposed to the three toxic minerals, arsenic, mercury and lead. The concentration of these three elements were determined in groundwater and surface water, soil, plants, animals such as goats, and humans in potentially contaminated areas in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The focus of the study was to assess the possible exposure to infants through ingestion to arsenic, mercury and lead. Comparison of the mineral content of water at the study sites with international and national drinking water standards, indicated water from Rooiberg, Leeupoort and Gravelotte are not fit for human consumption due to high arsenic and lead concentrations. Water at Gravelotte also has unacceptably high levels of mercury. The soil, plants, goat’s milk and mother’s milk at Rooiberg have higher levels of arsenic and lead than have been recorded for many other countries. Mother’s milk and goat’s milk are the main sources of arsenic, lead and mercury contamination at Rooiberg. It is therefore newborns and toddlers who are most at risk from exposure to arsenic and lead. This is a cause for environmental and health concerns, but as this research is only a base-line study, it is imperative that more comprehensive surveys of potentially toxic mineral contamination be conducted in the province. / Environmental Sciences / (M.Sc. (Environmental Science))

This study was concerned with establishing the extent to which various components of the environment were exposed to the three toxic minerals, arsenic, mercury and lead. The concentration of these three elements were determined in groundwater and surface water, soil, plants, animals such as goats, and humans in potentially contaminated areas in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The focus of the study was to assess the possible exposure to infants through ingestion to arsenic, mercury and lead. Comparison of the mineral content of water at the study sites with international and national drinking water standards, indicated water from Rooiberg, Leeupoort and Gravelotte are not fit for human consumption due to high arsenic and lead concentrations. Water at Gravelotte also has unacceptably high levels of mercury. The soil, plants, goat’s milk and mother’s milk at Rooiberg have higher levels of arsenic and lead than have been recorded for many other countries. Mother’s milk and goat’s milk are the main sources of arsenic, lead and mercury contamination at Rooiberg. It is therefore newborns and toddlers who are most at risk from exposure to arsenic and lead. This is a cause for environmental and health concerns, but as this research is only a base-line study, it is imperative that more comprehensive surveys of potentially toxic mineral contamination be conducted in the province. / Environmental Sciences / (M.Sc. (Environmental Science))