by Chan Ka Kui. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-113). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.1 / Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1 --- Incidence rate of breast cancer in Hong Kong --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Estrogen and breast cancer --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- The relation between glucose transporters and breast cancer --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Antisense oligonucleotide --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5 --- Action mechanisms of antisense oligonucleotide --- p.11 / Chapter 1.6 --- Modification of the oligonucleotide --- p.13 / Chapter 1.7 --- Length --- p.16 / Chapter 1.8 --- Sequence selection of the antisense oligonucleotide --- p.16 / Chapter 1.9 --- Delivery means in antisense oligonucleotide --- p.18 / Chapter 1.10 --- The therapeutic role of antisense oligonucleotide --- p.19 / Chapter 1.11 --- Objective of the project --- p.21 / Chapter 2 --- MATERIAL AND METHODS --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.26 / Chapter 3 --- RESULTS --- p.37 / Chapter 3.1 --- The characteristics of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2 --- Trend of uptake of antisense oligonucleotides in MCF-7 and MDA- MB-231 cells --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3 --- The integrity of the oligonucleotide in serum-free medium during transfection --- p.48 / Chapter 3.4 --- Detection of effects of Glut5 antisense oligonucleotides of breast tumor cells-MTT assay --- p.50 / Chapter 3.5 --- Detection of the antiproliferative effect by trypan blue exclusion assay and thymidine incorporation --- p.56 / Chapter 3.6 --- Cell cycle analysis and DNA extraction --- p.61 / Chapter 3.7 --- Suppression of Glut5 mRNA detected by RT-PCR --- p.66 / Chapter 3.8 --- Suppression of translation of Glut5 proteins as indicated by Western blotting --- p.73 / Chapter 3.9 --- Measurement of the fructose and glucose uptake in MCF-7 and MDA -MB-231 cells after antisense treatment --- p.76 / Chapter 3.10 --- Change of the phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) activities in MDA- MB-231 cells --- p.82 / Chapter 3.11 --- Measurement of the change in the intracellular pH of the breast tumor cells --- p.84 / Chapter 4 --- DISCUSSION --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1 --- The insights of Glut5 antisense oligonucleotide into cancer therapy --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2 --- The uptake pattern of Glut5 antisense oligonucleotides in breast tumor cells --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3 --- Stability of antisense oligonucleotide during transfection --- p.92 / Chapter 4.4 --- Effects of Glut5 antisense oligonucleotide on MCF-7 and MDA-MB- 231cells --- p.93 / Chapter 4.5 --- Proofs of undergoing antisense action mechanism --- p.95 / Chapter 4.6 --- Physiological changes in breast tumor cells after antisense treatment --- p.97 / Chapter 5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.103 / Chapter 6 --- References --- p.104

by Ng Ping-chung. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-179). / List of Abbreviation / Abstract / Acknowledgements / Table of contents / Chapter 1. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Hormone and carcinogenesis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Estrogen and carcinogenesis --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Carcinogenesis and endogenous sex hormone status --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Etiology of breast cancer --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Epidemiology --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Hormonal factors --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Genetic predisposition --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.2.4 --- Influence of diet --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Hormonal therapy --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Anti-estrogen --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Progestins --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.3.3 --- Aromatase inhibitor --- p.22 / Chapter 1.2.3.4 --- GnRH analogue therapy --- p.26 / Chapter 1.3 --- Estrogen pool --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4 --- Estrogen receptor --- p.30 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- General features of estrogen receptor and action mechanism --- p.30 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Anti-estrogen binding site (AEBS) --- p.31 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Physiological consideration --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.3.1 --- Uterus: uterotrophic responses --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.3.2 --- "Progesterone, the physiological estrogen antagonist" --- p.34 / Chapter 1.5 --- The role of growth factors and steroid hormones in breast cancer cell --- p.35 / Chapter 1.6 --- Alternate cytotoxic action of TAM --- p.37 / Chapter 1.7 --- In vitro models utilised in breast cancer study --- p.38 / Chapter 1.8 --- Current development of anti-estrogen --- p.39 / Chapter 1.9 --- Background about yuehchukene (YCK) --- p.41 / Chapter 2. --- Materials and methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Studies using whole animals --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Uterotrophic assay in rats --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Anti-implantation assay in rats --- p.48 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Vaginal smear in mice --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2 --- Studies using breast cancer cells --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- MCF-7 cell culture --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Measurement of cell number --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.1.1.1 --- Cell count with haemocytometer --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.1.1.2 --- Cell number estimated by DNA content in culture using Hoechst33258 --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.1.1.3 --- Cell number estimated by [3H]-thymidine incorporation --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.1.1.4 --- Preparation of dextran coated charcoal stripped serum --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- MDA-MB-231 cell culture --- p.53 / Chapter 2.3 --- Studies using steroid receptors --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Rat uterine estrogen receptor --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Mice uterus and vaginal estrogen receptor --- p.55 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- MCF-7 cell estrogen receptor --- p.55 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- MCF-7 whole cell estrogen receptor binding --- p.55 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Cytosolic estrogen receptor preparation from MCF-7 cell --- p.57 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Progesterone receptor binding in MCF-7 cell --- p.57 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Rat hepatic anti-estrogen binding site (AEBS) --- p.58 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Estrogen receptor content estimation by enzyme immunoassay --- p.58 / Chapter 2.4 --- Enzyme studies related to estrogen metabolism --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Rat uterine ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Rat hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Rat hepatic estradiol-2-hydroxylase --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- MCF-7 cell estradiol-2-hydroxylase --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Human placental microsomal aromatase activity --- p.63 / Chapter 2.5 --- Enzymatic studies related to signal transduction --- p.64 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Inhibition of Protein Kinase C activity of MCF-7 cell and protein phosphorylation --- p.64 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Inhibition of calmodulin activation of cyclic nuleotide phosphodiesterase --- p.66 / Chapter 2.6 --- "Preparation of Pre-YCK, crude-YCK and post-YCK fractions" --- p.67 / Chapter 2.7 --- Preparation of Indole-3-carbinol acid condensation product (I3Ca) --- p.71 / Chapter 2.8 --- Studies on TCP series of YCK analogues --- p.71 / Chapter 2.9 --- List of test compounds --- p.75 / Chapter 2. 10 --- List of radio-ligands --- p.77 / Chapter 2.11 --- Miscellaneous reagents related to cell culture --- p.78 / Chapter 2.11.1 --- Culture medium --- p.78 / Chapter 2.11.2 --- Fetal calf serum --- p.78 / Chapter 2.11.3 --- Penicillin-streptomycin powder --- p.78 / Chapter 2.11.4 --- Phosphate buffer saline --- p.78 / Chapter 2.12 --- "Solvents, chemical and scintillants" --- p.78 / Chapter 3. --- Result / Chapter 3.1 --- Rat uterotrophic response with EE2 and YCK --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2 --- Mice vaginal cornification with estradiol (E2) and YCK --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3 --- Human breast cancer cell culture --- p.86 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- MCF-7 cell growth with YCK --- p.86 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- MCF-7 cell growth with YCK analogues and other related compounds --- p.91 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- MDA-MB-231 cell culture --- p.100 / Chapter 3.4 --- Receptor Binding --- p.100 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Rat uterine estrogen receptor --- p.100 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Mice uterine and vaginal estrogen receptor --- p.103 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- MCF-7 whole cell and cytosolic estrogen receptor --- p.103 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- MCF-7 cell progesterone receptor --- p.107 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Rat hepatic anti-estrogen binding sites (AEBS) --- p.111 / Chapter 3.5 --- Enzyme activities related to estrogen metabolism --- p.111 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Rat uterine ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) --- p.111 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Rat hepatic estradiol-2-hydroxylase and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase --- p.114 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- MCF-7 cell estradiol-2-hydroxylase --- p.121 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Human placenta and MCF-7 cell aromatase --- p.126 / Chapter 3.6 --- Enzyme activities related to signal transduction --- p.126 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Protein kinase C inhibition in vitro --- p.126 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase inhibitory actions in vitro --- p.131 / Chapter 3.7 --- Studies on TCP series of YCK analogues --- p.131 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- Estrogenicity of YCK --- p.140 / Chapter 4.2 --- Estrogenicity of YCK correlates with estrogen receptor (ER) binding --- p.141 / Chapter 4.3 --- Attenuation by YCK --- p.142 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Attenuation by YCK on estrogen induced uterotrophic activity --- p.142 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Attenuation by YCK on mice vaginal cornification with estradiol and YCK --- p.142 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Attenuation by YCK on MCF-7 cell growth --- p.143 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Attenuation of YCK on ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) induced by estrogen --- p.144 / Chapter 4.4 --- Deviation between YCK potency and RBA --- p.145 / Chapter 4.5 --- Estrogen inhibition action of YCK via non receptor binding mechanism --- p.148 / Chapter 4.6 --- Protein kinase C/ calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase inhibitor --- p.152 / Chapter 4.7 --- Progesterone receptor --- p.154 / Chapter 4.8 --- Aromatase inhibitor? --- p.155 / Chapter 4.9 --- Posssible mechanism for the attenuation of estrogenic action by YCK --- p.157 / Chapter 4.10 --- TCP series of YCK analogues --- p.158 / Chapter 4.11 --- Future works --- p.159 / Chapter 5. --- Reference --- p.161 / Appendix / Appendix 1 YCK analogues / Appendix 2 Structure of compounds mentioned in this thesis

by Tsui Hong Teng. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 174-181). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / A CKNO WLED GMENTS --- p.7 / ABSTRACT --- p.8-10 / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction: --- p.11-44 / Chapter 1.1) --- Glucose transporters / Chapter 1.2) --- Glucose transporters and cancers / Chapter 1.3) --- Antisense strategies / Chapter 1.4) --- Cellular uptake of oligonucleotides / Chapter 1.5) --- Hyperthermia and combined treatments / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Materials and methods --- p.45-60 / Chapter 2.1) --- Materials: / Chapter 2.1a) --- Cell lines and culture media / Chapter 2.1b) --- Oligonucleotides synthesis / Chapter 2.1c) --- Chemicals / Chapter 2.2) --- Methods: / Chapter 2.2a) --- Oligonucleotide design / Chapter 2.2b) --- Oligonucleotide treatment / Chapter 2.2c) --- Flow cytometry / Chapter 2.2d) --- Confocal microscopy / Chapter 2.2e) --- MTT assay for cytotoxicity or cell proliferation / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Cellular uptake of oligonucleotide spontaneously and Lipofectin-aided: --- p.61-85 / Chapter 3.1) --- Introduction / Chapter 3.2) --- Flow cytometric studies / Chapter 3.3) --- Confocal microscopic studies / Chapter 3.4) --- Cytotoxic effect of Lipofectin alone on MCF-7 cells / Chapter 3.5) --- Discussion / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Hyperthermia can enhance oligonucleotide uptake: --- p.86-118 / Chapter 4.1) --- Introduction / Chapter 4.2) --- Flow cytometric studies / Chapter 4.3) --- Confocal microscopic studies / Chapter 4.4) --- Cytotoxic effect of hyperthermia on MCF-7 cells / Chapter 4.5) --- FITC-ODN uptake in survival cells by propidium iodide (PI) exclusion method for hyperthermia / Chapter 4.6) --- Discussion / Chapter Chapter 5: --- The antiproliferative effects of antisense molecules against Glut-1 and 5 on MCF- 7 cells transfected by Lipofectin: --- p.119-146 / Chapter 5.1) --- Introduction / Chapter 5.2) --- The growth curve of MCF-7 cells / Chapter 5.3) --- The calibration of MTT assay / Chapter 5.4) --- The effect of antisense Glut-1 concentration without Lipofectin on MCF-7 cells / Chapter 5.5) --- The effect of antisense Glut-1 concentration with Lipofectin on MCF-7 cells / Chapter 5.6) --- The effect of antisense Glut-5 concentration without Lipofectin on MCF-7 cells / Chapter 5.7) --- The effect of antisense Glut-5 concentration with Lipofectin on MCF-7cells / Chapter 5.8) --- The effect of transfection time of antisense Glut-1 on MCF-7 cells / Chapter 5.9) --- The effect of transfection time of antisense Glut-5 on MCF-7 cells / Chapter 5.10) --- The effect of transfection time of antisense Glut-5 for higher concentration on MCF-7 cells / Chapter 5.11) --- The effect of antisense Glut-1 to Lipofectin (w/w) ratio on MCF-7 cells / Chapter 5.12) --- The effect of antisense Glut-1 to Lipofection (w/w) ratio for higher transfection time on MCF-7 cells / Chapter 5.13) --- The effect of antisense Glut-5 to Lipofectin (w/w) ratio on MCF-7 cells / Chapter 5.14) --- Discussion / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Combined treatments: --- p.147-162 / Chapter 6.1) --- Introduction / Chapter 6.2) --- The effect of combined treatment of antisense Glut-1 combined with antisense Glut-5 on MCF-7 cells / Chapter 6.3) --- The chronic effect of hyperthermia for 5 hours on MCF-7 cells / Chapter 6.4) --- The effect of combined treatment between antisense Glut-1 and hyperthermia on MCF-7 cells / Chapter 6.5) --- The net effect of antisense Glut-1 in combined treatment between hyperthermia and antisense Glut-1 on MCF-7 cells / Chapter 6.6) --- The effect of combined treatment between antisense Glut-5 and hyperthermia on MCF-7 cells / Chapter 6.7) --- The net effect of antisense Glut-5 in combined treatment between hyperthermia and antisense Glut-5 on MCF-7 cells / Chapter 6.8) --- Discussion / Chapter Chapter 7: --- Discussion: --- p.163-173 / Chapter Chapter 8: --- References: --- p.174-181

No description available.

Luo, Kewang. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 278-305). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

by Li Jian Yi. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-181). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

No description available.

According to the results, Pa-PDT showed inhibitory effect on MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro with an IC50 value of 0.5 muM at 24 h. Pa-PDT was demonstrated to activate intracellular mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Pa-PDT IS also believed to induce extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-mediated autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Pa-PDT in combination with Tamoxifen is demonstrated to exert a synergetic effect in inhibiting cancer growth. The combination treatment induces both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis. Regarding the direct cancer cell killing activity, two dimensional gel electrophoresis screening revealed that Pa-PDT regulates proteins which involve in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I-restricted antigen-processing machinery. This activation of antigen presentation was confirmed by Western blot analysis and immunostaining. Furthermore, a cross-presentation of antigen with HLA class I proteins and 70-kDa heat shock protein was found in Pa-PDT-treated cells, as shown by the fluorescent microscopic observation and immunoprecipitation assay. Moreover, the immunogenicity of breast cancer cells was increased by Pa-PDT treatment that triggered phagocytic activity by human macrophages. Our findings provide the first evidence that Pa-PDT can trigger both apoptosis and anti-tumour immunity. / Cancer is one of the most lethal diseases worldwide. Treatments of cancer comprise surgical intervention, radiotherapy or chemotherapy; however, their side effects are still need to be overcome. In order to search for anti-cancer treatments with milder side effects and higher efficiency, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been investigated. Previous study in our laboratory reported that pheophorbide a (Pa), an active compound purified from Scutellaria barbata, combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT) approach produces anti-tumour effect in a wide range of human cancers. Because of the lack of protocols for curing late phase breast cancer, my project is to investigate the therapeutic potential of Pa-PDT and its action mechanism on human breast cancer. A human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, which is estrogen receptor nude and resistant to a conventional breast cancer drug tamoxifen, was used as an in vitro tumour model in my study to mimic the late stage of breast cancer. / Pheophorbide a (Pa) has been proposed to be a potential photosensitizer for the photodynamic therapy of human cancer. However, the immunomodulatory effect of Pa, in the absence of irradiation, has not yet been investigated. The present study revealed that Pa possessed immunostimulating effect on a murine macrophages cell line RAW 264.7. Pa could stimulate the growth of RAW 264.7 cells with the maximal effect at 0.5 muM after 48 h of treatment, where MAPK family including c-Jun N-tenninal kinase (JNK), ERK and p38 MAPK were activated by Pa treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the induction of interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-a secretion, and the enhancement of phagocytic activity were observed in Pa-treated RAW 264.7 cells. The results were similar in Pa-treated human immune competent cells (e.g. CD4+ and CD14+ cells) at higher Pa concentrations (from 1 to 10 muM). The present work is the first report to demonstrate the potential immunomodulatory effects of Pa on immune competent cells, apart from its well-known anti-tumour activity. / Bui Xuan, Ngoc Ha. / "December 2010." / Advisers: Fung Kwok Pui; Wong Chun Kwok. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-144). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.

Hoi, Wan Heng. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 212-245). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Cheung, Tsz Yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-116). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Thesis/Assessment Committee Members --- p.ii / Declaration for Plagiarism and Copyright --- p.iii / Abstract --- p.iv / 摘要 --- p.vi / Acknowledgements --- p.viii / Table of Contents --- p.ix / List of Abbreviations --- p.xii / List of Figures --- p.xv / List of Tables --- p.xvi / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Background Information / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Breast Cancer --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- General Statistics of Breast Cancer Worldwide and in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Risk Factors for Breast Cancer --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Breast Cancer Treatment and Side Effects --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Types of Breast Cancer --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Estrogen and Estrogen Receptor / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Estrogen --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Estrogen Receptor --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Estrogen Receptor mediated Gene Transcription --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Estrogen Receptor Alpha and Estrogen Receptor Beta --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer and Treatment --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Estrogen metabolism and Cytochrome P450 family 1 (CYP1) members / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Estrogen Metabolism in Human --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Estrogen Metabolism in Breast --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Carcinogenesis of Estrogens and Estrogen Metabolites --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- The Importance of CYP1B1 in Carcinogenesis --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4 --- Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor / Chapter 1.4.1 --- General Information of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Signaling/Regulation Pathways of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Crosstalk with Estrogen Receptor --- p.17 / Chapter 1.5 --- Introduction of Herba Scutellaria Barbata and its active ingredient Pheophorbide a --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6 --- Hyposthesis and Objectives --- p.21 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- Direct Cytotoxic/Cytostatic Effect of Pheophorbide a / Chapter 2.1 --- Backgrounds --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Chemicals --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Cell Lines --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- "Cell Culture Mediums, Buffers and Consumables" / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Roswell Park Memorial Institute Tissue Culture Medium1640 (RPMI1640) --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- RPMI 1640 (Phenol Red-free) --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Serum supplement - Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Serum supplement - Charcoal/Dextran Stripped FBS --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.3.5 --- Antibiotics - Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S) --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.3.6 --- Trypsin (0.25%) with EDTA --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.3.7 --- Trypsin (2.5%) (Phenol Red-free) with EDTA --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.3.8 --- Dulbeccóةs Phosphate-Buffered Saline (D-PBS) --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.3.9 --- Tissue Culture Flasks and Multi-well Plate --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.3.10 --- Trypan Blue Solution --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Reagents for Direct Cytotoxity Test / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- MTT Assay --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Tritiated Thymidine Incorporation Assay --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- Methods / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Cell Culture --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Direct Cytotoxicity/Cytostatic Test / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- MTT Assay --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Tritiated Thymidine Incorporation Assay --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4 --- Results / Chapter 2.4.1 --- The Cytotoxic Effect of Pheophorbide a --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- The Combine Effect of Pheophorbide a with 17-β Estradiol and Tamoxifen Citrate --- p.34 / Chapter 2.5 --- Discussions --- p.48 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- Mechanistic Study of Pheophorbide a / Chapter 3.1 --- Backgrounds --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Real time PCR / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- General Chemicals and Equipments --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- RNA isolation --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Reverse Transcription --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.1.4 --- Real Time PCR --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Western Blotting / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Microsome Isolation --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Measurement of Protein Concentration --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Western Blotting --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Estrogen Metabolism Assay / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Chemicals --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Estrogen Metabolites Extraction --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3 --- Methods / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Real time PCR / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Cell Culture --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- RNA Isolation and Reverse Transcription --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- Real Time PCR --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Western Blotting / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Cell Culture --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Microsome Isolation --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Measurement of Protein Concentration --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.2.4 --- Western Blotting --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Estrogen Metabolism Assay / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Preparation of Calibration Standard --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Cell Culture --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- Estrogen Metabolites Extraction --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.3.4 --- Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.68 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.69 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussions --- p.80 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- Overall Conclusion and Future Directions / Chapter 4.1 --- Significance of the Study --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2 --- Overall Conclusion --- p.87 / Chapter 4.3 --- Limitation and Difficulties of the Study --- p.89 / Chapter 4.4 --- Future Directions --- p.89 / Appendices / "Appendix I The Melting Curve of real time PCR for β-actin, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1" --- p.92 / Appendix II The Calibration Curve of BSA for Protein Concentration Measurement --- p.93 / Appendix III The Representative Peak of Estradiol Metabolite Standards with corresponding Retention Time --- p.94 / Appendix IV The Calibration Curve of Different Estrogen Metabolites for LC/MS --- p.95 / Appendix V The Accuracy and Precision of Quality Control of Estradiol Metabolites --- p.96 / Bibliography --- p.97