Alcohol use and abuse among college/university students continues as a major public health concern.  One potential source of alcohol-related harm is the inability of students to estimate their current level of intoxication (gBAC).  The current four field studies use breathalyzers to investigate student gBAC and the efficacy of a variety of BAC-feedback tools at promoting greater awareness of driving risks while under the influence of alcohol.     The research was conducted across 89 nights spanning seven academic semesters from Fall 2009 to Fall 2012.  Research tables were setup between the hours of 6:00pm and 2:00am at three locations near downtown bar establishments and one on-campus location near a late-night dining facility.  Unique subject codes were created to track participants across multiple nights of participation.  In total, 12,432 blood alcohol concentration (BAC) readings were collected from 10,225 unique individuals. Study 1 examined general epidemiology across all nights.  The average BAC of drinking participants was .100 mL/L.  Results revealed significant differences in BAC as a function of demographic and environmental factors.  Additionally, it was found the average student was incorrect in estimating his or her BAC by .034 mL/L. Studies 2 and 3 examined the accuracy of BAC-estimation tools (i.e., nomograms, sobriety tests, and phone applications) and the efficacy of these tools to increase awareness of driving-related risks.  On average, both nomograms and BAC-estimation phone applications were incorrect in estimating BAC by over .05 mL/L.  Sobriety tests performed slightly better than chance at discriminating BACs of .08 mL/L.   Participants receiving BAC-feedback had increased awareness of driving risk across levels of intoxication. Nomogram and breathalyzer feedback tended to promote healthier perceptions of external risk.  Sobriety testing shifted the internal perception of feeling less safe to drive.  No effect was observed for BAC-estimation phone applications. Study 4 found individuals who received breathalyzer feedback across multiple nights of the research were significantly more accurate at estimating their BAC.  Specifically, individuals on the fifth night of participation were .017 mL/L more accurate at estimating their BAC as compared to the first night.  Future research areas and policy implications are discussed. / Ph. D.

However, interferences by inhaled volatile compounds are not the aim of the present study. The objective of this report is to determine if common food stuffs would cause an interference with the CMI Intoxilyzer. It has been theorized that if one has been eating while drinking alcoholic beverages, the food might cause an elevated breath-alcohol test result. Odorous foods were chosen on the theory that if it could be smelled on one's breath, it would perhaps elicit a reading on the instrument. The list of foods was further narrowed to those commonly found in eating and drinking establishments (i.e. pizza shops) or those foods taken in an attempt to conceal the presence of ethanol in the breath (i.e. mints and candies).

The prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorders is rapidly increasing among college students. The use of real time monitoring in conjunction with contingency management procedures to reduce alcohol consumption has only recently been developed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to learn more about natural patterns of alcohol consumption in college-aged adults. A second goal was to evaluate a novel, handheld technology for obtaining reliable samples over extended time periods. College students were given a SoberLinkTM SL2 breathalyzer for eight weeks to monitor their drinking behaviors and asked to self-report the number of drinks consumed each day. Participants received one to three text messages per day to provide breath samples and earned monetary rewards for submitting samples within the allotted time. The results of this study showed that college students tend to consume alcohol during the evening hours and mostly on the weekends. There was a weak to medium correlation between average breath alcohol concentration and conditional average drinks. Compliance with prompts ranged between 77 and 84 percent and monetary earnings ranged between $152 and $160. Naturalistic observations of college drinking may aid in the development of interventions to prevent excessive drinking and the SL2 breathalyzer may have great potential to be used in a number of therapeutic approaches.

When examining data and statistics one thing is very clear. Smoking tobacco is causing a lot of different problems both in an individual’s health and in the society. Even though there is abundant evidence regarding its hazardous consequences, tobacco holds still a lot of users under its influence. Most of tobacco users do want to quit but they cannot make it last and relapse on their old habits. Tobacco is consumed everywhere in the world but effective products for quitting it, are still not that many available. Thus, it is made clear that there is a need for a product that will help counterattack this addiction. Deversify is an Uppsala-based start-up that wants to introduce to the market a tool for facilitating permanent smoking cessation. Their solution is a product called Aspirable. Aspirable is a breathalyzer that records the level of carbon monoxide (CO) in the exhaled breath, and it is accompanied with an app that will make use not only the recordings of the CO levels for a factual check but also help the user identify their habits to facilitate quitting. Regardless of the size of ones’ business, one thing is the same; it is better to first analyse if an idea is an endeavor worth trying. This project has utilized a case study for Aspirable, in order to explore in depth, the product and most importantly its market. Information available on the web was used to construct a picture on the smoking cessation market. Different aspects were examined inside theoretical frameworks such as the 7 dimensions of Aaker and Porter’s 5 forces. We made comparisons between Greece and Sweden to explore if another geographical market would be a better start for launching the product. In addition, we looked into what kind of consumer would be the best. Among those options, were governments, businesses, and individuals. The recommendation would be to aim at entering the Swedish market by approaching clinical trials so as to gain more scientific proof for the effectiveness of the product and also help indirectly another research be more reliable. Meanwhile, it would be best to avoid the public health system due to complicated regulations, segmented market due to each county having its own budget and decision-making processes.

Na tentativa de reduzir o número de ocorrência de acidentes de trânsito, o Brasil adotou leis para restringir o consumo de álcool por motoristas e para garantir que as mesmas sejam cumpridas, o contingente policial conta com teste de etilômetro. Ao realizar o teste, se o resultado for positivo para o uso de etanol, o motorista pode ser encaminhado para uma unidade de saúde para que a coleta de sangue seja realizada, para confirmar a presença de etanol ou de outras drogas caso necessário. Porém, pode haver um longo tempo entre a abordagem do motorista e a realização da coleta de sangue, fazendo com que a concentração de etanol no organismo do motorista se altere, além disso, a coleta de sangue é um método invasivo e é necessária a presença de um profissional especializado para que seja realizada. O presente estudo propõe a utilização da saliva como matriz biológica alternativa para dosagem de etanol em motoristas, uma vez que essa matriz permite a dosagem de etanol e de outras drogas, além de permitir que a análise seja repetida, diferentemente do teste do etilômetro, desde que a cadeia de custódia for preservada. Além disso, a coleta dessa amostra não é invasiva, podendo ser realizada no local da abordagem e sob supervisão (coleta vigiada), sem necessitar de profissional especializado. Para verificar se a variação de etanol ao longo do tempo na saliva é semelhante à do ar exalado e da urina, matrizes já utilizadas na dosagem de etanol em motoristas, foi realizado um experimento de ingestão controlada de bebidas alcoólicas por voluntários sadios de maneira controlada, coletando-se amostras de saliva, urina e ar exalado nos tempos de 10, 30, 60 e 90 min após a ingestão. Na segunda etapa do estudo, foi verificado um possível interferente no teste de Etilômetro e na análise de saliva, uma vez que o limite de etanol permitido por lei atual é muito baixo, fazendo-nos questionar se o uso de produtos comuns ao dia a dia e que contém álcool em sua composição, como o enxaguatório bucal, seria capaz de gerar um resultado falso positivo para a ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas. No experimento de interferência, foram testados os seguintes enxaguatórios bucais: Anapyon®, Listerine Cool Mint®, Listerine Cuidado Total®, Cepacol®, Oral B®, Oral B complete®, e ar exalado e saliva foram coletados nos tempos de 5, 10, 15 e 20 minutos. O etanol em amostras de saliva e urina foi determinado por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada a detector de ionização por chama (GC-FID) e as amostras de ar exalado foram analisadas no Etilômetro Alcotest 7410 da Dräger. / In an attempt to reduce the number of traffic accidents, Brazil has adopted laws to restrict ethanol consumption among drivers, and to guarantee the effectiveness of this law, police officers make use of breathalyzers. When the breathalyzer test is performed, the results can indicate alcohol intake, in this case the driver can be routed to a health unit to collect blood, and then ethanol dosage can be made as well as other drugs if necessary. Therefore, a long time can occur between drivers approach and the blood collection, and the concentration of ethanol in blood can be altered. In addition this sample collection is invasive and needs an specialized personnel to be done. The present study proposes the use of saliva as an alternative biological matrix to ethanol dosage in drivers, once this matrix permits not only the dosage of alcohol but as well as other drugs, and this analysis can be repeated, if the chain of custody has been preserved. Besides, saliva has a non invasive way of collection and can be done under supervision and does require specialized personnel. To verify if the range of ethanol concentration in saliva is the same found in urine and breath, matrixes already used to monitor drivers in traffic, an experiment of alcohol intake in a controlled manner was performed, and urine, saliva and breath were collected in 10, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after alcohol intake. In a second stage of this study, a possible interfering in the breathalyzer test and in saliva analysis was investigated, since the limit if ethanol permitted for drivers in now very low, making us wonder whether the use of products like mouthwashes, that contain ethanol in its composition is capable of generate an false positive result for alcohol intake. It was tested the following mouthwashes: Anapyon, Listerine Cool Mint, Listerine Cuidado Total, Cepacol, Oral B , Oral B complete. Breath and saliva were collected in 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after the mouthwashes use. The ethanol in saliva and urine was determined using Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID), and the ethanol in breath was analyzed using Alcotest 7410 breathalyzer by Dräger.

Na tentativa de reduzir o número de ocorrência de acidentes de trânsito, o Brasil adotou leis para restringir o consumo de álcool por motoristas e para garantir que as mesmas sejam cumpridas, o contingente policial conta com teste de etilômetro. Ao realizar o teste, se o resultado for positivo para o uso de etanol, o motorista pode ser encaminhado para uma unidade de saúde para que a coleta de sangue seja realizada, para confirmar a presença de etanol ou de outras drogas caso necessário. Porém, pode haver um longo tempo entre a abordagem do motorista e a realização da coleta de sangue, fazendo com que a concentração de etanol no organismo do motorista se altere, além disso, a coleta de sangue é um método invasivo e é necessária a presença de um profissional especializado para que seja realizada. O presente estudo propõe a utilização da saliva como matriz biológica alternativa para dosagem de etanol em motoristas, uma vez que essa matriz permite a dosagem de etanol e de outras drogas, além de permitir que a análise seja repetida, diferentemente do teste do etilômetro, desde que a cadeia de custódia for preservada. Além disso, a coleta dessa amostra não é invasiva, podendo ser realizada no local da abordagem e sob supervisão (coleta vigiada), sem necessitar de profissional especializado. Para verificar se a variação de etanol ao longo do tempo na saliva é semelhante à do ar exalado e da urina, matrizes já utilizadas na dosagem de etanol em motoristas, foi realizado um experimento de ingestão controlada de bebidas alcoólicas por voluntários sadios de maneira controlada, coletando-se amostras de saliva, urina e ar exalado nos tempos de 10, 30, 60 e 90 min após a ingestão. Na segunda etapa do estudo, foi verificado um possível interferente no teste de Etilômetro e na análise de saliva, uma vez que o limite de etanol permitido por lei atual é muito baixo, fazendo-nos questionar se o uso de produtos comuns ao dia a dia e que contém álcool em sua composição, como o enxaguatório bucal, seria capaz de gerar um resultado falso positivo para a ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas. No experimento de interferência, foram testados os seguintes enxaguatórios bucais: Anapyon®, Listerine Cool Mint®, Listerine Cuidado Total®, Cepacol®, Oral B®, Oral B complete®, e ar exalado e saliva foram coletados nos tempos de 5, 10, 15 e 20 minutos. O etanol em amostras de saliva e urina foi determinado por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada a detector de ionização por chama (GC-FID) e as amostras de ar exalado foram analisadas no Etilômetro Alcotest 7410 da Dräger. / In an attempt to reduce the number of traffic accidents, Brazil has adopted laws to restrict ethanol consumption among drivers, and to guarantee the effectiveness of this law, police officers make use of breathalyzers. When the breathalyzer test is performed, the results can indicate alcohol intake, in this case the driver can be routed to a health unit to collect blood, and then ethanol dosage can be made as well as other drugs if necessary. Therefore, a long time can occur between drivers approach and the blood collection, and the concentration of ethanol in blood can be altered. In addition this sample collection is invasive and needs an specialized personnel to be done. The present study proposes the use of saliva as an alternative biological matrix to ethanol dosage in drivers, once this matrix permits not only the dosage of alcohol but as well as other drugs, and this analysis can be repeated, if the chain of custody has been preserved. Besides, saliva has a non invasive way of collection and can be done under supervision and does require specialized personnel. To verify if the range of ethanol concentration in saliva is the same found in urine and breath, matrixes already used to monitor drivers in traffic, an experiment of alcohol intake in a controlled manner was performed, and urine, saliva and breath were collected in 10, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after alcohol intake. In a second stage of this study, a possible interfering in the breathalyzer test and in saliva analysis was investigated, since the limit if ethanol permitted for drivers in now very low, making us wonder whether the use of products like mouthwashes, that contain ethanol in its composition is capable of generate an false positive result for alcohol intake. It was tested the following mouthwashes: Anapyon, Listerine Cool Mint, Listerine Cuidado Total, Cepacol, Oral B , Oral B complete. Breath and saliva were collected in 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after the mouthwashes use. The ethanol in saliva and urine was determined using Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID), and the ethanol in breath was analyzed using Alcotest 7410 breathalyzer by Dräger.

Adequacy of penal sanction: Comparison of punishing traffic criminal offences and decumbent traffic administrative offences committed under influence of addictive substances in Czech and Slovak republic. Master's Thesis Michal Mikuš Summary. This thesis makes survey on a punishing adequacy of traffic offences committed under influence of alcohol and the other addictive substances. The theoretical basis, that knowledge is necessary prerequisite for reviewing punishing adequacy, like theories of punishment, purpose of punishment and a principle of adequacy, are in the theoretical part of the thesis. In the special part of the thesis is comparison of valid and effective law in the Czech and Slovak Republic. The practical part of the thesis is composed of an analysis of decisions delivered by the County Traffic Inspectorate Banská Bystrica, County Traffic Inspectorate Bratislava I., Banská Bystrica County Court, Bratislava I. County Court, City Hall of Zlín, City Hall of Prague, Zlín County Court and the Prague 2 Circuit Court. The analysis is composed not only of punishment adequacy review, but also of the all substantive and procedural deficiencies, that occurred in the decisions of particular state's body. At the end is provided comparison of analysis outcomes, which stemmed from decisions of national...