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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Comportamento social de botos-cinza, sotalia guianensis, na praia de Pipa, RN, Brasil: din?mica, sequ?ncia, sincronia e respostas ao turismo de observa??o

Lunarde, Diana Gon?alves 31 March 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:37:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DianaGL_TESE_1-60.pdf: 3945578 bytes, checksum: b60b2a1d9ab72539c6bd59f14847deca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Social behavior of Guiana dolphins, Sotalia guianensis, at Pipa Beach, RN, Brazil: dynamics, sequence, breathing synchrony, and responses to dolphin watching. Social animals form groups that can range from temporary to permanent. Depending on the nature of the social relationships developed between individuals, groups present a particular social organization and the effect of these interactions shapes the activity patterns of these animals. This study investigates: (i) fission-fusion dynamics of Guiana dolphins, through the analysis of three dimensions of the social system (variation in spatial cohesion, variation in size and composition of groups), (ii) sequence, routine and behavioral stability, (iii) breathing intervals in synchronized groups and (iv) behavioral responses of the animals to dolphin watching. Systematic observations of Guiana dolphins were made from a platform located in cliffs about 25 m above sea level that surround Madeiro Bay, Pipa Beach. Sampling occurred from December 2007 to February 2009 between 0600 h and 1600 h, and the groups of Guiana dolphins were investigated according to their size (alone and group) and composition (adults, adults and juveniles, and adults and calves). According to the analysis of fission-fusion dynamics, Guiana dolphin groups frequently changed their composition, modifying their patterns of spatial grouping and cohesion every 20 minutes on average. More than 50% of the individuals maintained a distance of up to 2 m from other group members and new individuals were attracted to the group, especially during feeding, leaving it for foraging. Large groups were more unstable than small, while groups containing only adults were more stable than groups of adults and juveniles. According to the Z-score analysis to investigate the sequence and behavioral routine, lone individuals were more ! .7! ! involved in foraging and feeding, while resting was more common in groups. Foraging and feeding were more common in homogeneous groups (individuals of the same age class), while heterogeneous groups (different age classes) were often involved in socialization, displaying a broader behavioral repertoire. Foraging and resting behavior presented higher stability (continuous duration in minutes) than the other behaviors. The analysis of breathing intervals in synchronized groups showed significant differences depending on type of behavior, composition and area preference. During resting, breathing intervals were of longer duration, and groups with calves showed shorter breathing intervals than groups without calves. Lone individuals also preferred areas called corral , often used for the entrapment of fishes. The Markov chain analysis revealed behavioral changes in the presence of boats, according to the type of group composition. Groups composed of adults presented decreased resting and increased in traveling during the presence of boats. Groups of adults and juveniles showed a massive reduction of socialization, while the behavior transition probability traveling-traveling was higher in groups of adults and calves. In the presence of the boats, stability of resting was reduced by one third of its original duration and traveling more than doubled. The behavioral patterns analyzed are discussed in light of socio-ecological models concerning costs and benefits of proximity between individuals and behavioral optimization. Furthermore, significant changes in behavioral patterns indicate that Guiana dolphins, at Pipa Beach, have suffered the effects of tourism as a result of violation of rules of conduct established for the study area / Animais sociais formam grupos que podem variar de tempor?rios a permanentes. Dependendo da natureza das rela??es sociais que se desenvolvem entre os indiv?duos, grupos apresentam uma organiza??o social particular e o resultado destas intera??es moldar?o o padr?o comportamental desses animais. O presente estudo visa investigar: (i) a din?mica de fiss?o-fus?o de botos-cinza, por meio da an?lise de tr?s dimens?es do sistema social (varia??o na coes?o espacial, varia??o no tamanho e na composi??o dos grupos); (ii) a sequ?ncia, rotina e estabilidade comportamental; (iii) os intervalos respirat?rios em grupos sincr?nicos e (iv) as respostas comportamentais ao turismo de observa??o. Observa??es sistem?ticas de botos-cinza foram feitas a partir de um mirante localizado na enseada do Madeiro, praia de Pipa, a aproximadamente 25 m acima do n?vel do mar. As amostragens ocorreram entre dezembro de 2007 e fevereiro de 2009, entre 0600 h e 1600 h e os grupos de boto-cinza foram investigados de acordo com seu tamanho (sozinho e em grupo) e composi??o (adultos, adultos e juvenis, e adultos e filhotes). De acordo com a an?lise de din?mica de fiss?o-fus?o, botos-cinza mudaram sua composi??o frequentemente, modificando o tamanho dos grupos, em m?dia, a cada 20 min. Mais de 50% dos indiv?duos mantiveram dist?ncias de at? 2 m entre si e novos indiv?duos foram atra?dos ao grupo, principalmente durante alimenta??o, deixando-o durante o forrageio. Grandes grupos mostraram-se mais inst?veis do que pequenos grupos, enquanto grupos de adultos foram mais est?veis do que grupos de adultos e juvenis. De acordo com a an?lise de Z-score para investiga??o da sequ?ncia e rotina comportamental, indiv?duos sozinhos estiveram mais envolvidos em comportamentos de forrageio e alimenta??o, enquanto o repouso foi mais comum em indiv?duos em grupo. O forrageio e a alimenta??o foram mais comuns em grupos homog?neos (indiv?duos de mesma classe et?ria), enquanto grupos heterog?neos (de diferentes ! 5! ! classes et?rias) estiveram frequentemente envolvidos em socializa??o, apresentando um repert?rio comportamental mais amplo. Os comportamentos de repouso e forrageio apresentaram maior estabilidade (dura??o cont?nua em minutos), do que os demais comportamentos. A an?lise de intervalos respirat?rios em grupos sincr?nicos apontou diferen?as significativas quanto ao tipo de comportamento, composi??o e prefer?ncia de ?rea. Durante o comportamento de repouso foram observados os intervalos respirat?rios de maior dura??o, e grupos com filhotes apresentaram menores intervalos do que grupos sem filhotes. Indiv?duos sozinhos preferiram ?reas denominadas de curral , frequentemente utilizadas para o encurralamento de peixes. A partir da an?lise de cadeia de Markov, foram detectadas diferentes altera??es comportamentais na presen?a dos barcos, de acordo com o tipo de composi??o do grupo. Grupos de adultos sofreram a maior redu??o do repouso e o maior aumento do deslocamento. Adultos e juvenis apresentaram maior redu??o da socializa??o, enquanto a probabilidade de transi??o comportamental deslocamento-deslocamento foi maior em grupos de adultos e filhotes. Na presen?a dos barcos a estabilidade do repouso foi reduzida em um ter?o de sua dura??o original e o deslocamento aumentou mais do que o dobro em todas as composi??es de grupo. Os padr?es comportamentais analisados s?o discutidos ? luz dos modelos socioecol?gicos sobre custos e benef?cios da proximidade entre indiv?duos e otimiza??o comportamental. Ademais, mudan?as significativas no padr?o comportamental indicam que os botos-cinza, na praia de Pipa, v?m sofrendo os efeitos do turismo, como consequ?ncia da viola??o das normas de conduta estabelecidas para a ?rea de estudo

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