Ce travail de thèse a pour but de fournir les bases scientifiques et techniques nécessaires au développement d'un programme de sélection en milieu tropical appliqué à une race caprine locale de Guadeloupe. La chèvre Créole est une chèvre de petite taille, aux bonnes aptitudes maternelles, issue du métissage de chèvres d'Afrique et d'Europe de l'ouest. Cette chèvre rustique est bien adaptée au climat tropical et présente une certaine tolérance aux parasites internes. Les éleveurs guadeloupéens l'utilisent pour la production de viande. En 2008, un projet de programme de sélection pour la chèvre Créole a démarré, projet qui réunit la coopérative caprine Cabricoop, la chambre d'agriculture et l'INRA. Les différentes étapes nécessaires à la conception et à l'optimisation de ce programme sont présentées dans ce travail de thèse. En termes d'objectif de sélection, des enquêtes auprès des éleveurs de la Cabricoop ont montré l'importance que les éleveurs attribuent tant à la croissance de leurs animaux qu'aux qualités maternelles des femelles. Afin de quantifier cette importance sur des bases économiques explicites, la modélisation des différentes composantes de la marge brute d'un atelier caprin a permis de déterminer les pondérations économiques des différents caractères à inclure dans l'objectif de sélection de la race. L'objectif de sélection intègre des caractères de production (poids et rendement carcasse à 11 mois), de reproduction (fertilité) et de résistance (OPG = nombre d'oeufs de strongles par gramme de fèces) et résilience (hématocrite) au parasitisme. Quel que soit le scénario envisagé en termes de quantité ou coût des intrants, le poids et la fertilité sont les deux composantes pour lesquelles une amélioration d'un écart type génétique de caractère amène le bénéfice escompté le plus grand. Les pondérations standardisées et cumulées de ces deux caractères expliquent entre 70 et 90% du total des pondérations économiques standardisées des caractères inclus dans l'objectif. A l'exception du rendement carcasse, les paramètres phénotypiques et génétiques des différents caractères inclus dans l'objectif de sélection ont été estimés pour la chèvre Créole à partir des données recueillies à l'unité expérimentale de Gardel. L'héritabilité est modérée pour le poids (0,32), faible pour la fertilité (0,11) et intermédiaire pour l'hématocrite (0,13) et l'OPG (0,18). Les corrélations génétiques estimées entre les caractères sont soit très faibles ou plutôt favorables. Les simulations de réponses à la sélection pour un noyau de sélection de 300 mères Créoles ont montré qu'il était possible d'améliorer à la fois le poids, le rendement carcasse, la fertilité, l'hématocrite et l'OPG. Améliorer résistance et résilience au parasitisme ne diminue que très légèrement la réponse à la sélection espérée sur les caractères de production. Il est donc possible de concilier des objectifs de production, de reproduction et d'adaptation au milieu pour la chèvre Créole en Guadeloupe. Ce travail de thèse a donc fourni les bases pour le développement d'un programme de sélection durable, pour une race locale, en milieu tropical. / This thesis aims at providing the scientific and technical basis needed for the settingup of a breeding programme applied to an indigenous guadeloupean breed of goat in the tropics.The local Creole breed of goat in Guadeloupe is a small-sized breed with good maternal qualities. This hardy breed comes from the natural mixing of breeds from Africa and Europe. It is well adapted to tropical climates and tolerates internal parasites. Guadeloupean farmers use Creole breed for meat production. Since 2008, the breeder's association Cabricoop, extension services and INRA collaborate to implement a breeding programme for Creole goat. This thesis presents the different steps needed for the design and optimisation of this programme. Concerning the breeding objective, a survey of Cabricoop farmers has shown the importance given to growth and maternal qualities in goats. In order to quantify this importance on sound economic basis, we modelled the components of the goat farm profit and derive the economic values of the different traits included in the breeding objective. We derived the economic values for production (body weight and dressing percentage at 11 months of age) and reproduction traits (fertility) as well as parasites resistance and resilience traits (FEC= number of worm eggs in the faeces and PCV= packed cell volume). Whatever the quantity or cost of input, the increase of one genetic standard deviation of body weight or fertility traits generated the highest profit. The standardised economic values of these traits explained 70 to 90% of the sum of the standardised economic values of all traits in the breeding objective. Genetic parameters of all traits except dressing percentage were derived for Creole goat. Heritability was moderate for body weight (0.32), low for fertility (0.11) and intermediate for PCV (0.13) and OPG (0.18). Genetic correlations were either low or favourable. Simulations of selection responses for a closed nucleus herd of 300 Creole does show that it is possible to improve weight, dressing percentage, fertility, PCV, and FEC simultaneously. Improving resistance and resilience to parasites decreases slightly the expected selection response on production traits without much trade-off. It is therefore possible to conciliate production, reproduction, and adaptation objectives for Creole goat in Guadeloupe. This thesis has provided the basis for the implementation of a sustainable breeding programme for a local breed in a tropical environment.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:33:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 monsalves_fm_me_jabo.pdf: 241550 bytes, checksum: 6693d5417f93dcd0ccd8d78b3166fcd2 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram calcular o valor econômico (VE) da característica taxa de prenhez de novilhas precoces e não precoces, em sistemas de produção de carne, com diferentes idades à primeira cobertura (14, 18 e 24 meses), supondo-se diferentes taxas de prenhez (20%, 30% e 40%) e diferentes épocas de descarte, além de, mediante a metodologia do fluxo de genes, avaliar o impacto do melhoramento desta característica em um rebanho, na obtenção de ganho genético para outras características. Foi utilizado um modelo bio-econômico para o cálculo do desempenho do rebanho, das receitas e custos de um sistema de produção utilizando animais da raça Nelore. O VE foi obtido aumentando-se em 1% a taxa de prenhez das novilhas precoces e não precoces, mantendo-se os níveis das demais características constantes. O fluxo gênico foi calculado considerando que a) as fêmeas entraram em reprodução entre 24 e 36 meses de idade e b) as fêmeas entraram em reprodução entre 12 e 24 meses de idade. Expressos com base no rebanho, os VE para a taxa de prenhez de novilhas variou de - R$ 3.652,17 a R$ 7.353,33. O VE foi maior quando as novilhas foram expostas aos touros aos 14 meses, indicando que a adoção desse manejo reprodutivo pode ser financeiramente compensadora. Quando as fêmeas entraram em reprodução entre 12 e 24 meses, a estabilização da proporção dos genes oriundos das fêmeas selecionadas ocorreu após 34 anos, fixando-se em 0,1322, enquanto que, se estas fêmeas tivessem iniciado a reprodução entre 24 e 36 meses, este tempo aumentaria para 44 anos fixando-se em 0,1045... / The aim of the present work was to calculate economic values for the pregnancy rate of Nellore heifers (precocious and not precocious), for cowcalf production systems, starting reproductive life at 14, 18 and 24 months, assuming differents pregnancy rates (20%, 30% and 40%) and differents culling periods. It was also evaluated the impact of improvement of this trait on the genetic and economic gain of other hipothetical traits in a population, using the gene flow methodology. A bio-economic model was used to calculate herd performance, revenues and costs of the beef production system. The economic values (EV) were obtained by increasing in 1% the original pregnancy rate of precocious and not precocious heifers, keeping the level of the other traits constant. The gene flow were calculaded considering the precocious and non precocious heifer production systems. When expressed on herd basis, the EV ranged from - R$ 3652.17 to R$ 7353.33. The highest EV was obtained when heifers were exposed to sires at 14 months of age. This result suggests that the adoption of such reproductive management may be economically compensating. The gene flow study showed that when females entered in reproduction between 12 and 24 months, gene proportions were estabilized after 34 years, fixing in 0.1322. If these females had started reproduction between 24 and 36 months, this estabilization period would be increased to 44 years, fixing in 0.1045. Assuming a genetic-economical superiority for a given trait of interest, expressed in both males and female of R$ 30.00, the genetic economical gain would be obtained in a shorter time and the expected response after one round of selection would have a greater magnitude in the first case (R$ 3.97) when compared with the second case (R$ 3.13)... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Resumo: Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram calcular o valor econômico (VE) da característica taxa de prenhez de novilhas precoces e não precoces, em sistemas de produção de carne, com diferentes idades à primeira cobertura (14, 18 e 24 meses), supondo-se diferentes taxas de prenhez (20%, 30% e 40%) e diferentes épocas de descarte, além de, mediante a metodologia do fluxo de genes, avaliar o impacto do melhoramento desta característica em um rebanho, na obtenção de ganho genético para outras características. Foi utilizado um modelo bio-econômico para o cálculo do desempenho do rebanho, das receitas e custos de um sistema de produção utilizando animais da raça Nelore. O VE foi obtido aumentando-se em 1% a taxa de prenhez das novilhas precoces e não precoces, mantendo-se os níveis das demais características constantes. O fluxo gênico foi calculado considerando que a) as fêmeas entraram em reprodução entre 24 e 36 meses de idade e b) as fêmeas entraram em reprodução entre 12 e 24 meses de idade. Expressos com base no rebanho, os VE para a taxa de prenhez de novilhas variou de - R$ 3.652,17 a R$ 7.353,33. O VE foi maior quando as novilhas foram expostas aos touros aos 14 meses, indicando que a adoção desse manejo reprodutivo pode ser financeiramente compensadora. Quando as fêmeas entraram em reprodução entre 12 e 24 meses, a estabilização da proporção dos genes oriundos das fêmeas selecionadas ocorreu após 34 anos, fixando-se em 0,1322, enquanto que, se estas fêmeas tivessem iniciado a reprodução entre 24 e 36 meses, este tempo aumentaria para 44 anos fixando-se em 0,1045...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of the present work was to calculate economic values for the pregnancy rate of Nellore heifers (precocious and not precocious), for cowcalf production systems, starting reproductive life at 14, 18 and 24 months, assuming differents pregnancy rates (20%, 30% and 40%) and differents culling periods. It was also evaluated the impact of improvement of this trait on the genetic and economic gain of other hipothetical traits in a population, using the gene flow methodology. A bio-economic model was used to calculate herd performance, revenues and costs of the beef production system. The economic values (EV) were obtained by increasing in 1% the original pregnancy rate of precocious and not precocious heifers, keeping the level of the other traits constant. The gene flow were calculaded considering the precocious and non precocious heifer production systems. When expressed on herd basis, the EV ranged from - R$ 3652.17 to R$ 7353.33. The highest EV was obtained when heifers were exposed to sires at 14 months of age. This result suggests that the adoption of such reproductive management may be economically compensating. The gene flow study showed that when females entered in reproduction between 12 and 24 months, gene proportions were estabilized after 34 years, fixing in 0.1322. If these females had started reproduction between 24 and 36 months, this estabilization period would be increased to 44 years, fixing in 0.1045. Assuming a genetic-economical superiority for a given trait of interest, expressed in both males and female of R$ 30.00, the genetic economical gain would be obtained in a shorter time and the expected response after one round of selection would have a greater magnitude in the first case (R$ 3.97) when compared with the second case (R$ 3.13)... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Orientadora: Lúcia galvão de Albuquerque / Coorientadora: Vera Lúcia Cardoso / Banca: Henrique Nunes de Oliveira / Banca: Maria Eugênia Zerlotti Mercadante / Mestre