This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree Master of Architecture [Professional] at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, in the year 2015 / This thesis explores the concept of social and cultural inclusivity and urban regeneration through a brewpub that celebrates South Africa’s rich drinking history. Growing up in a household where alcohol has been viewed as a negative factor that can actually destroy the family, I have always wanted to know if it could in fact ignite some positivity in the lives of society. Common social perception dictates our individual views and opinions on alcohol, and these perceptions sometimes differ from society to society, and from culture to culture. The history of beer is deep rooted in the soil of South Africa: from the traditional African beer makers who practiced ritual through their craft; to the notorious beer halls that were described as ‘drinking cages’ by the mine workers of Johannesburg. Today, the act of drinking beer is shared across multiple social spectrums – from the regular shebeen patrons to the trendy hipsters that crawl the city. Can these various social groups interact together over the common act of enjoying a beer with friends? Can a multi-cultural brewery overcome the many issues that occur within our diverse city? The three themes of health and morality, sociability, and state and nation, as suggested by Mack P. Holt in the book Alcohol: a social and cultural history, are the analytical tools that have been used to dissect the interesting body that is society and drinking. Ultimately, it is the understanding of these different aspects of consumption that has led me to the design of a new hybrid drinking establishment that could benefit the community in which it is situated. On a site known as the gateway to the Maboneng Precinct, the brewery houses all the functions necessary for the production of beer as well as a restaurant, coffee shop, curio shop, offices and a small learning centre. The brewery also offers the opportunity for aspiring brewers to occupy a brew lab and test their brewing skills on the market. The main patrons include the visitors of Arts on Main, residents in the area, Ellis Park spectators, students from the Doornfontein campus as well as people from many other walks of life. Hagaman says that beer holds a place “[…] in the total socioeconomic and ritual life of its brewers and drinkers,” and only once we learn from the past, take notes from the unknown and allow inevitable changes to happen, can such a place truly feel welcome and open for all. / EM2017

Thesis (M.Arch. (Professional))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Architecture and Planning, 2016. / In Johannesburg, sociability and drinking culture have complex pasts. Beer, especially, is tied up in multiple significances: a prominent role in many traditional African cultures; later, co-opted as a means of control by South Africa’s former government; rising as a strong socially cohesive identifier in emerging popular culture; and now, turning a new face to a culture of experimentation and excellence in the craft of brewing with one foot in the realm of wine snobs, and connoisseurs. I investigate my own family’s history of brewing in seventeenth century England as an introduction to a brief history of two important global, social drinking cultures – Mediterranean and Northern European – and apply this cultural lens to a reading of local, Johannesburg beer drinking. Beer can be understood as a strong symbolic agent in the construction of imagined communities and the realisation of experiences in multiple simultaneities of space and time. I investigate these imagined realities, and interrogate the current disjuncture between the consumption and production of beer. Finally, I propose a hybrid brewing facility as an architectural intervention in Booysens Reserve, a small industrial suburb in the south of Johannesburg, and look towards the unique conditions to explore, and opportunities for intervention which this part of the city, the intersection of multiple cultures, landscapes and industries, has to offer. / GR2017

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa has developed a significantly large number of highly successful global firms relative to its economy size – as evidenced by the market capitalisation of the South African stock exchange representing more than 180% of the country’s gross domestic product, and its inclusion in the BRICS nations of leading emerging national economies. Whilst some of this success has been documented, the author found no evidence of the application of internationalisation theory to South African firms, whilst other emerging market research has yielded results that challenged early theoretical underpinnings and added value to a further understanding of internationalisation behaviour and motivation. SABMiller is the second largest brewer in the world and originated in South Africa. A great part of their success has been attributed to the culture and history of the organisation within its home market. The aim of this research report was therefore to uncover the drivers, strategies and critical success factors of SABMiller’s internationalisation move. Their motivations, enablers and modes of entry employed were further compared to extant literature in order to determine which, if any, theories are best suited to describe their process of internationalisation. This research report made use of a holistic, single, qualitative case study of SABMiller. Primary and secondary source data were collected in the form of semi-structured interviews conducted with 29 current and former senior managers of SABMiller or their investment partners, all of whom were involved in some degree with the organisation’s internationalisation. The individuals interviewed related experience pertaining to particular cross-sectional time-periods within SABMiller’s internationalisation process. Data were then examined using thematic analysis and compared to theories posited in literature on the subject. It was found that whilst extant literature on internationalisation provides useful, broad frameworks within which to analyse the paths followed by an organisation, a more holistic regard of the body of literature is recommended, particularly in analysing emerging-market multi-national enterprises (EM MNE) whose history and culture play a significant role in determining internationalisation behaviour. The role of SABMiller’s South African home culture as a differentiator, as well as the development of a deep talent pool in enabling rapid expansion, was telling in their success. Operating excellence was a competitive advantage in the majority of markets they entered, whilst their in-house mergers and acquisitions (M&A) competence, coupled with a distinctive partnering ability, demonstrated clearly the advantage of building and maintaining strong relationships and network positions when internationalising. SABMiller’s initial expansion sought to counter the threat of becoming a takeover target in their own right, as well as seeking new markets that were both affordable and could match the relative competitive advantages they had developed. As the company grew, their motivations expanded to a portfolio consideration of balancing risk and currency exposure in emerging markets, with more stable profit pool participation in developed markets. In entering new markets, SABMiller utilised a beachhead approach whereby their main aim was to secure entry to a desired market from which they would be able to expand further – through either organic market share gain, increased ownership of their joint ventures, or further acquisitions within the market. Firms engaging in foreign expansion for the first time need to understand clearly their relative advantages, to what they owe that endowment, and to what extent those advantages are sustainable in the face of global competition. Furthermore, locational advantages of a target country must be viewed relative to the competitive advantages they possess within the context of their product class, industry structure, nature of the knowledge to be transferred, and where the value generation lies within their structure. Global government priorities and political stability are varied and can have an overriding impact on a firm’s choices and ability to internationalise effectively. Investment into local communities and alignment to priorities of social development and environmental preservation are becoming increasingly important and internationalising firms need to factor this into consideration in order to increase their chances of success. The significant impact of governments on internationalisation is highlighted in the literature and is particularly evident in the case of SABMiller. With the added importance of investment towards societal goals, a study of the motivators and priorities of host governments may add value to firms in partnering effectively when internationalising, particularly within the realm of value chain development. The author further recommends research be conducted on the impact of South African culture on internationalisation success – particularly where expatriation forms part of a firm’s strategy, whilst the role of leadership as a differentiator in successful internationalisation is an area not explored extensively within this study, nor was significant reference found in the literature. It was uncovered as a significant theme in SABMiller’s expansion, however, and thus is an area that may warrant further exploration.

This document is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree: Master of Architecture [Professional] at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, in the year 2013. / Newtown is a vibrant, multi-cultural precinct within the inner-city of Johannesburg. It has become an example of the new diverse multi-cultural spatial dynamics present within post-apartheid South Africa. This thesis addresses a dormant site within this cultural precinct and aims to re-appropriate and dynamically activate the site, thus creating a new dynamic member within the Newtown precinct. Through this architectural intervention, the aim is to explore and establish a central reference point between microbrewers and the public. This thesis’ architectural intervention merges preconceived divisions in brewing techniques (local and international) and starts a process of inclusive knowledge transfer that results in a unique diverse collaboration throughout the craft beer industry. This new methodology will better characterise the diverse nature of the craft brewery industry, whilst simultaneously reflecting South Africa’s nee/search for a new inclusive identity.

No matter how receptive or unreceptive an individual or a company is to the arrival of the age of technology, this phenomenon of change cannot be overlooked in the competitive global village. Companies must respond and change if they wish to survive into the next century. The results and testing of the hypotheses in chapters four and five clearly indicate that there is a need for a structured Total Quality Management (TQM) system in the East London Depot, of South African Breweries (SAB). The vision of the company states that they aim to be the “benchmark of South African industry and the brewing world”. The mission of the company states that they wish to provide their consumers with the finest quality malt beverages, brewed and marketed by world - class people in a socially responsible and innovative manner. Two of the core values of the company are: • Customer service and consumer focus • Innovation and quality (http://Beernet) Taking the afore mentioned as a guide line, it is evident that although there is a need for a structured TQM system at the East London Depot, there are key focus areas to concentrate on for the program to be successful. The main focus area will be to change the perception of the staff with regards to doing things right the first time. Customer service is very important and should be understood by all. A competent person should be tasked with the implementation of the system. This person should then manage the system and ensure that the staff training and maintenance of documented procedures are adhered to. A TQM committee must also be established in order to perform the necessary audits. As mentioned in chapter one, the aim of the depot management is to improve on it’s current national ranking. A structured TQM program will make a huge contribution towards achieving the desired result. This will result in better results and achievement of goals. With this in mind this paper aims to investigate the feasibility of establishing a T Q M system at the East London Depot of SAB.

While contemporary environmental problems arise partly from increased industrial activities resulting in waste creation, the continued extraction and depletion of earth’s natural resources by organisations to meet consumers’ demand have led to unsustainable business practices (Jennings & Zandbergen 1995). Moreover, reversing the negative environmental impact caused by unsustainable business practices is the responsibility of the organisations whose activities cause harm to the environment (Ahuja & Khamba 2008). More importantly, managers require adequate and accurate financial and non-financial information on their unsustainable business practices to successfully manage both internal and external environmental effects of their actions (Schaltegger & Burritt 2000). But the lack of contemporary management accounting tools to capture waste information in the brewery process reduces the chance to improve waste-reduction decisions while opportunities for cost savings are also lost. Admittedly, Gale (2006:1231) argues that conventional management accounting Systems (MASs) do not have the ability to adequately monitor the increasing material costs and overheads in production processes with sufficient transparency. Nevertheless, this inability to provide adequate process waste information may likely limit organisations’ effort to implement and achieve desired waste-reduction strategies. As a result, it is imperative to integrate both physical and monetary waste information for sound decision-making. The main objective of this study is to adopt and adjust the existing MFCA framework to support and improve on managers’ process waste-reduction decisions in the South African brewery industry. In order to achieve this main objective, the study: • examines the extent to which conventional MASs provides process waste information to support waste-reduction decisions in a micro-brewery (Hope Brewery) and a large brewery (SAB Ltd); • assesses the impact of insufficient process waste information as provided by the conventional MASs on brewery waste-reduction decisions in a micro-brewery (Hope Brewery) and a large brewery (SAB Ltd); and • adjusts the existing MFCA framework to include waste categories subsumed or neglected in the provision of waste information to improve brewery waste-reduction decisions. vi The study adopted an exploratory multiple case study approach by means of in-depth interviews and a pilot study in two breweries- a micro-brewery and a large brewery to achieve the study objectives. Findings revealed that, while the use of technology is essential to reduce brewery process waste, there is lack of appropriate waste-capturing management accounting tool in both organisations. Besides it is essential for organisations to adopt appropriate management accounting tool to capture waste-related information for improved waste-reduction decisions and selection of appropriate waste management strategy. The study therefore suggests the adoption of an adjusted MFCA framework for a more robust approach to improve waste-reduction decisions since ‘what cannot be measured cannot be managed’. / Management Accounting / D. Comm. (Management Accounting)

While contemporary environmental problems arise partly from increased industrial activities resulting in waste creation, the continued extraction and depletion of earth’s natural resources by organisations to meet consumers’ demand have led to unsustainable business practices (Jennings & Zandbergen 1995). Moreover, reversing the negative environmental impact caused by unsustainable business practices is the responsibility of the organisations whose activities cause harm to the environment (Ahuja & Khamba 2008). More importantly, managers require adequate and accurate financial and non-financial information on their unsustainable business practices to successfully manage both internal and external environmental effects of their actions (Schaltegger & Burritt 2000). But the lack of contemporary management accounting tools to capture waste information in the brewery process reduces the chance to improve waste-reduction decisions while opportunities for cost savings are also lost. Admittedly, Gale (2006:1231) argues that conventional management accounting Systems (MASs) do not have the ability to adequately monitor the increasing material costs and overheads in production processes with sufficient transparency. Nevertheless, this inability to provide adequate process waste information may likely limit organisations’ effort to implement and achieve desired waste-reduction strategies. As a result, it is imperative to integrate both physical and monetary waste information for sound decision-making. The main objective of this study is to adopt and adjust the existing MFCA framework to support and improve on managers’ process waste-reduction decisions in the South African brewery industry. In order to achieve this main objective, the study: • examines the extent to which conventional MASs provides process waste information to support waste-reduction decisions in a micro-brewery (Hope Brewery) and a large brewery (SAB Ltd); • assesses the impact of insufficient process waste information as provided by the conventional MASs on brewery waste-reduction decisions in a micro-brewery (Hope Brewery) and a large brewery (SAB Ltd); and • adjusts the existing MFCA framework to include waste categories subsumed or neglected in the provision of waste information to improve brewery waste-reduction decisions. vi The study adopted an exploratory multiple case study approach by means of in-depth interviews and a pilot study in two breweries- a micro-brewery and a large brewery to achieve the study objectives. Findings revealed that, while the use of technology is essential to reduce brewery process waste, there is lack of appropriate waste-capturing management accounting tool in both organisations. Besides it is essential for organisations to adopt appropriate management accounting tool to capture waste-related information for improved waste-reduction decisions and selection of appropriate waste management strategy. The study therefore suggests the adoption of an adjusted MFCA framework for a more robust approach to improve waste-reduction decisions since ‘what cannot be measured cannot be managed’. / Management Accounting / D. Comm. (Management Accounting)