Master of Science / Department of Geology / Abdelmoneam Raef / Matthew W. Totten / The Woodford shale in west-central Oklahoma is an organic and silica rich shale that is a prolific resource play producing gas and liquid hydrocarbons (Gupta et al., 2013). Unconventional shale wells are only producible due to modern hydraulic fracturing techniques. Production surveys from unconventional reservoirs show significant variability between wells and even between fracking stages (Kennedy, 2012). The production potential of a particular shale appears to be related to its brittleness and kerogen content "sweetness". Thus, brittleness analysis becomes important when choosing which shales to produce. A rocks brittleness index can be related directly to elastic properties derived from P- and S-wave velocities, as well as, its specific mineral makeup. This project's main focus is to determine the elastic rock properties that affect or relate to Woodford shale brittleness and how they relate to the rock's specific mineral makeup and kerogen content. Measurements to determine elastic properties, based on ultrasonic laboratory testing, were conducted on available Woodford cores. The estimated elastic moduli were evaluated via cross-plotting and correlation with a variety of rock properties. Elastic properties are of essential relevance to forward seismic modeling in order to study seismic response. Mineral makeup, determined via XRD and XRF analyses done by Kale Janssen (2017), was used to calculate a mineral-based brittleness index for comparison with the elastic moduli. Evaluation of the elastic moduli assisted in determining which elastic properties directly relate to the brittleness of the shales and, in turn, to geomechanical aspects. These properties were correlated with data from previous studies including mineral percentages, total organic content (TOC), and thermal maturity. These correlations were used to determine which elastic properties best predict a rock's brittleness index. The calculated brittleness was used to develop a brittleness index map of the Woodford Formation.

Master of Science / Department of Geology / Matthew W. Totten / The Woodford Shale (Oklahoma, U.S.A.) is a prolific unconventional hydrocarbon resource. The Woodford has been shown to be heterogeneous in many geochemical, mineralogical, and rock mechanic properties across the state of Oklahoma, which presents a challenge to successful exploitation of this resource (Caldwell, 2014; Turner et al., 2015; Wiley, 2015; Zhang et al., 2017). Most prior studies of the Woodford Shale report properties from a single sample collected from a vertical well, which reports these values as a single point source on a distribution map. Studies using outcrop localities report lateral variations in several rock properties of the Woodford, but are limited to the short distances an outcrop provides (Turner et al., 2015). The main focus of this research is to determine whether rock properties important to the productivity of the Woodford Shale vary across a lateral well bore within the Woodford shale. Measurements of chemical and mineralogical compositions were performed on rock cutting samples from a single horizontal well path of the Carleigh 6H-32 across approximately one mile. The mineral makeup was determined by use of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and elemental concentrations were determined by hand-held X-ray fluorescence (HHXRF). What was found is that the Upper and Middle Woodford Shale are relatively homogeneous laterally. The lack of variation means that it’s possible to determine from which subgroup samples may have been taken. The geochemical data were used to calculate a mineral-based brittleness index (Wang and Gale, 2009), which was compared to the measured frack gradient across perforations of the Carleigh 6H-32 well. In addition, the total organic matter content (TOC) was approximated in the same samples using loss on ignition (LOI) methods. The calculated mineralogy within samples assigned to the Middle Woodford show some variability throughout the horizontal well, which leads to an associated variation in mineral brittleness index when using the Wang and Gale (2009) formula. The mineral based brittleness index correlates with observed fracture gradient during well completion. This suggests that the tendency to fracture is also variable along the well path, which should be considered during design of the well completion.