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Materials, Labor, and Apprehension: Building for the Threat of Fire across the Nineteenth-Century British AtlanticRowen, Jonah January 2020 (has links)
With its destabilizing shifts away from mercantilism toward liberal economics, early nineteenth-century Britain generated an increasingly powerful class of technocrats, including architects and builders, in design and construction. This burgeoning professional group involved in architecture, planning, and building directed processes, products, and technologies of construction toward maintaining societal order. In doing so, they cemented their social hierarchical status. Following abolition of the slave trade in 1807 and emancipation from 1833-1838, architects and builders had to adapt their techniques of communication and labor management, and adjust their building practices to material and technological innovations. In contrast to heroic narratives of industrial progress and optimism that conventionally dominated histories of modern architecture, figures of apprehension, anxiety, and anticipation more appropriately encapsulate the consequential events of this period. Through empirical analyses of small-scale techniques of drawing and building, this dissertation renders the general transition from rigid, mercantilist arrangements aligned with economies of enslavement toward ideologies of free trade, increasingly widespread wage labor regimes, and liberalism more broadly, into legible, tangible forms. Using as heuristics architectural technologies for preempting, mitigating, and suppressing fires—planning, constructional assemblies, mechanisms, materials, regulations, financing, and legislation—I demonstrate that preventing undesirable occurrences governed a heterogeneous array of activities. These ranged from English architects' professionalization initiatives, to plans for evacuating people from and extinguishing fires in theaters, to labor management in West Indian military outposts, to fire insurance offices that spread their risk profiles by indemnifying Caribbean sugar plantations beginning in the late eighteenth century. Thus capital and uncertainty went hand in hand as elements in conveying wealth, as architects and others involved in building at once made risk both fungible and material.
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The reliability based design of composite beams for the fire limit stateVan der Klashorst, Etienne 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MEng (Civil Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / In the past use was made of prescriptive design rules to provide for the fire limit state. Modern
Design Codes provide the scope and the means to design for fire in a performance based manner.
The Eurocode provides guidance on the actions on structures exposed to fire as well as methods
to predict the structural behaviour of elements in fire.
Structural designers can now incorporate the use of parametric fire curves to describe compartment
fires. These fire models are not an extension of the old nominal standard temperature
time curves. Parametric curves are analytical models that are based on natural fire behaviour.
The temperature in the fire compartment can be predicted in a scientific manner taking account
of fire loads, ventilation conditions and compartment characteristics.
The combination of rational fire models and temperature dependant structural behaviour enables
designers to predict whether elements will fail during a fire. This is an improvement on
the empirical prescriptive fire resistance ratings, used to date.
Multi-storey steel framed structures, with composite floors, were identified as structures with
high inherent fire resistance and robust behaviour. The composite beams in the floor structure
were identified as critical elements when subjected to fire. The deterministic design and the
reliability level of these elements were studied.
Deterministic fire design procedures are presented that can be used to design unprotected composite
beams for the fire limit state. The reliability of the deterministic design procedures was
evaluated through a First Order Reliability Method.
Parametric fire curves are suitable for reliability analysis due to the fact that they can be
described by stochastic variables. The fire load was determined to be the dominant variable
influencing the reliability level of the composite beams. The ventilation conditions of the fire
compartment also has important implications for the temperature development of the composite
beams.
The reliability analyses results show that reasonably sized composite beams can be used as unprotected
elements in smaller fire compartments with moderate fire loads. It was found that a
structural element’s total probability of failure can be improved by the use of active fire fighting measures. The benefit of active fire fighting measures can be quantified by considering their
probability of failure.
By use of conservative assumptions and basic knowledge of fire engineering principles, rational
design methods can provide safe and economical solutions for fire design of composite beams.
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Behaviour of cold-formed-steel-framed walls and floors in standard fire resistance tests /Alfawakhiri, Farid, January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Carleton University, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 263-286). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.
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Performance of gypsum board exposed to fire /Elewini, Eman. January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (M.App.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 247-250). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.
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Predicting the failure times of glulam members exposed to fire /Simpson, Lisa May Pearl, January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (M.App.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-140). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.
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Parametric studies on the temperature dependent behaviour of steel structures within a fire context.Govender, Stanton Wesley. January 2012 (has links)
The mechanical and material properties of structural steel at elevated temperatures play
an important role in structural fire design. The South African 350W and S355 structural
steels are common in building structures with S355 slowly replacing the older 350W. The
cost and feasibility of full scale fire tests are some of the causes for the lack of
experimental data on the behaviour of steel structures when exposed to fire. Therefore
excessively conservative design codes based on isolated laboratory experiments are used
in practice which leads to increased material costs. Another area of concern with respect
to building safety is the reusability of structural steels post fire exposure, which is not
effectively addressed within these codes.
This study aims to establish greater insight into structural fire design and simulation on
which further research can be built. Experimental programs on the temperature
dependent behaviour of these steel members loaded axially are conducted and compared
with theory and the Eurocode 3 standard [1]. The reusability of steel exposed to fire and
after being cooled down is investigated and compared to the findings by Outinen [2].
Further testing on material to determine the relationship between remaining life and
hardness degradation after cooling down was conducted.
Experimental data from various external studies are used to develop novel computer
models using the finite element analysis software, SimXpert [3]. These are verified against
the original data and compared to existing design codes. A parametric approach is used
with these models to demonstrate the advantages of computer simulations in structural
fire design. Different cross sections and slenderness ratios are evaluated for their
susceptibility to buckling at elevated temperatures.
The results of this study show that as temperature and exposure time increase the
integrity of steel members decrease. The current design codes accurately predict the
behaviour of isolated specimens but lack data on real situations where the specimen is
part of a complex structure. It was found that steel members can be reused if their
exposure temperature does not exceed 700°C, after which their strength can reduce to
90%. This temperature dependant behaviour was successfully modelled using basic
computer simulations and then demonstrated the ease in which they can be used in place
of experimental regimes. The parametric advantages of these simulations were
demonstrated by predicting the effects of slenderness ratios and geometry cross sections
on the buckling behaviour. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.
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