My initial interest in undertaking a research project in Cape Town, was locked by my outsider's gaze into vibrant urban images of townships and informal settlements. It was nurtured by a free South Africa's much publicized need for decent housing, and my projection of involvement with design efforts to develop viable housing options for the great number of beautiful people living in lovely, crowded, fire-prone shack communities. I had been nurturing a conviction for the possibility of utilizing waste-stream resources -'trash'- in an evocative, ecological production of architecture - an interest spawned through the concept of industrial ecology, and my background in the biological sciences. A coinciding potential seemed ripe. It has been said that necessity is the mother of invention. Nowhere is this perhaps truer than in South Africa. The informal settlements of South Africa are a marvel of ingenuity and creativity where the processes of invention are continually fuelled by necessity's perpetual dance through the mazes of adversity; mazes, which are strewn with the fallout of a consumer society - created and driven by market forces. One of the most prevalent creations of the township is the 'shack.' In a condition where neither the state nor the private sector can provide appropriate housing in sufficient quantity, these dwellings are the people's solution to the immediate need for shelter. Many of the material resources used in the construction of shacks come from the waste stream of the country's consumer market. Formally, and materially shacks bear little resemblance to traditional South African dwellings. The two types are similar however, in that their material value exists primarily through their social and individual uti.lity and their location. A traditional dwelling has little economic value as a commodity ty because it is constructed with free building materials available in the natural environment. 1 The shack's use of free waste materials and relatively inexpensive used materials similarly confounds the capitalist system's commodification of the dwelling. Ironically, a dwelling with little to no market value can restrict entry into a capitalist society. Home ownership is one of the passes required in order to access credit - which is needed to become a 'cardholding' member of the consumer society, with all its benefits and demands. 2 There are however, numerous examples from the informal settlements and townships where goods of significant economic value are created from free resources. Folk artwork and craftwork from South African Townships is recognized all over the world and has significant market value. Scale replicas of Harley Davidsons are made from scrap wire and oil tins, plastic sheeting, and plastic bags. Telephone wire is used as a substitute for reeds to weave intricate baskets in

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While the market for “green” building materials has been expanding rapidly, no rigorous framework exists for evaluating the chemical and biological reactivity of these building materials. The objective of this research was to assess the ozone reactivity, primary and secondary VOC emission rates and mold resistance of selected green building materials. Two different sets of experiments were conducted. The first set focused on reactive consumption of ozone by ten common green materials. A screening assessment of secondary emissions of C6 and greater carbonyls was also completed for selected green materials. The second set was completed to evaluate the relative resistance of selected green building materials and their conventional analogs to surface fungal growth in moist interior environments. Ozone reactivity varied considerably between test materials. The ozone deposition velocity for inorganic ceiling tiles, for example, was two times higher than cabinetry materials and approximately fifty times higher than UV-coated bamboo. Experimental results were used as input to a simple mass balance model which predicted that the ratio of indoor to outdoor ozone concentrations was not significantly affected by green building materials. The green materials used in this study emitted less primary and secondary VOCs than did their non-green counterparts, although the difference was not significant and the material sample set was relatively small. Also, the green materials tested were not prone to either less or more mold growth than their conventional counterparts. Instead, materials composed of organic materials with high equilibrium moisture contents (EMC) were more prone to mold growth than inorganic materials with low EMC. Perlite-based (inorganic) ceiling tiles that consumed relatively large amounts of ozone without corresponding by-product formation were also resistant to mold growth. Such findings should facilitate the selection of future green building materials, both explicitly and by defining a protocol for future testing of green materials. / text

CIVINS / The United States has experienced an increase in the need for structural repair, especially in its public transportation infrastructure. At the same time, societal requirements to keep these structures open have placed pressure on facility engineers to perform rapid retrofits which entail minimal disruption to these systems. This need has brought the use of Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) to the forefront, as its properties have proven to be invaluable in other industries such as boating, aircraft, and recreation. Its high strength-to-weight ratio, non-corrosive nature, relatively simple application techniques, and non-invasive application procedures have moved FRPs to the top of the list compared to its strengthening contemporaries, mainly steel, in terms of structural retrofits. / Contract number: N62271-97-G-0075. / CIVINS

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Thesis (M. Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes special report study entitled: Urban from development at Wan Chai. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-148).

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong. / Mimeographed. Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-53).

Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 286-292). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

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