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In a contemporary discussion on the undersirable effects of architecture upon the natural landscape, our attention often centers around a speculated form of architecture which we tend to describe tentatively as an 'ecological architecture' or as one that is totally benign in its relations with nature. We might ask what is an ecological architecture? The dissertation sets out to define these terms and to develop a theoretical framework for design. Our research objectives are as follows: 1. Our initial objectives are to derive a set of fundamental premises. The intention is to provide ourselves with a context with which a concept of ecological architect, can be based. Because of the conflicting opinions that exist on the subject matter, only by agreeing upon a common set of fundamental premises can a concerted approach be possible. (This is examined in Chapters 2 and 3). 2. Secondly, our objectives are to derive a framework for approaching design. This should not only cohesively unify all the pertinent ang.' related areas of study, but also provide the designer with a firm theoretical standpoint from "Which to approach the design of the built environment. Such a framework should be able to be used to analyse the impact that a proposed design might have before it is built. (The framework is described in detail in Chapter 4). Each of the framework' s structural components is discussed and examined in greater detail in Chapters 5 to 8. In Chapter 9 is our conclusion and discussion on the theoretical implications of our research work as a whole and what it might mean in design implementation. Included is an Appendix which contains a review of literature Literature is derived from a number of sources that we have found to be pertinent to this area of research. It is howeverr not exhaustive nor can it be exhaustive since the sources are diverse. The appendix serves as an indicator of the sources of literature for further development of this study.

No description available.

No description available.

Roman baths were discovered in Pollena Trocchia on the northern side of Vesuvius. They can be labelled as private for their size and location and they probably belonged to a rich villa. This and the fact that they were built shortly after the A.D. 79 eruption makes them a rather rare specimen for study of development of Roman baths in the area. The baths are exceptionally well preserved and rare details of construction and functionality can be found, from the design phase, which can be seen in form of 1:1 plan carved on bricks forming the hypocaust floor, to the water and heating technologies. These details are followed in this thesis and the original form and modus operandi of the baths is reconstructed. The baths are also compared to selected published specimens from Campania and the rest of the Roman world. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Moisture is one of the primary factors connected with the damage observed on the envelope of buildings. The moisture states are normally dominated by moisture transport processes within and between porous building materials from rain penetration, rising damp or infiltration of water vapour that is normally accompanied with heat transfer. The research into moisture transport behaviour of building materials is extremely important for the characterisation of behaviour in connection with durability, waterproofing, degradation of appearance and thermal performance ofbuilding elements. In the first stage of this research, commercial gypsum plasters were experimentally investigated with their moisture transport specifications. The hydraulic parameters including sorptivity, saturated conductivity and permeability of water vapour were determined with new findings related with the dependence of hydraulic parameters on water/plaster ratios, wetting-drying cycles and additives. The results obtained were compared with other porous building materials and recommendations for their manufacture and selection in building construction were made. Secondly, on the basis of comprehensive investigations of the dielectric properties of gypsum plasters, an integrated automatic real-time monitoring system for moisture transport processes was designed and successfully developed utilising a pin-type resistance sensor and sensor array. The data acquisition, data analysis, result display and saving are all integrated with the computer controlled interface. The polarisation effects and temperature effects for various gypsum plaster materials were compensated and realised by control options. The monitoring system developed for moisture monitoring was directly applied in 1-dimension moisture transport processes and can easily be extended to the monitoring of 2 or 3 dimension moisture transport processes by embedding an appropriate sensor array into materials. In the third part of the research, on the basis of experimental investigation of water absorption processes of uniform materials and two-layer composites, the water diffusivity as functions of moisture content were determined from experimental moisture profiles for various gypsum plaster materials. The models governing the moisture transport processes were formed based on extended Darcy's law and experimental diffusivity functions. By applying the finite element method and developed software, the non-linear partial differential equations were numerically solved under specified boundary and initial conditions in absorption processes. The simulation results achieved satisfactory agreement with experimental moisture profiles for various materials and for two-layered composites.

Lançado em 2009, o programa federal Minha Casa Minha Vida se tornou o mais efetivo programa habitacional brasileiro desde a extinção do BNH, em 1986. Na iminência de acrescentar 3,75 milhões de moradias ao estoque habitacional do país, o programa é um campo de investigação que permite uma análise abrangente do novo papel do governo federal e municipal na política urbana, bem como do setor da construção civil na política econômica. Na produção para famílias de baixa renda na região metropolitana de São Paulo, o programa é um objeto de pesquisa que permite uma análise focada nas alterações que provoca tanto no trabalho e como na tecnologia da construção habitacional. Quanto ao trabalho, a pesquisa reconstitui tipologicamente os processos de trabalho em canteiros de obras para observar a substituição da manufatura pela industrialização de insumos e pelo treinamento da força de trabalho conforme um novo perfil demográfico e de controle da produtividade. Quanto à tecnologia, a pesquisa acompanha a introdução de novas tecnologias organizacionais em empreendimentos de construção, que são sistemas de gestão de qualidade e de controle de serviços subempreitados que favorecem a concentração de capital e reforçam a segregação urbana nas cidades brasileiras. / Launched in June 2009, the federal program My Home, My Life has led to the construction of nearly 3.75 million homes and it has become the most effective housing program in Brazil since the end of the housing policies introduced under military rule. As a subject of research it allows a broad analysis of the new roles of local and federal government in urban policy and of the building industry in economic policy. In its construction of homes for low-income families in the São Paulo metropolitan area, it allows a more focused analysis of changes promoted by the program in housing construction labor and technology. Regarding labor, this research offers a typological recreation of labor processes in building sites, in order to observe the substitution of manual work for both industrialized construction materials and workforce training according to new patterns in demographics and productivity controls. Regarding technology, it follows the implementation of new organizational technologies in building projects, namely, quality management systems and subcontracting controls that impel capital concentration and urban segregation in Brazilian cities.

Este trabalho apresenta a investigação das técnicas construtivas empregadas nas obras de construtores italianos ou seus descendentes no final do século XIX e início do século XX em Pelotas – cidade da zona sul do Brasil. O crescimento da economia industrial propiciado pela produção do charque e o conseqüente desenvolvimento urbano do município neste período da sua história impulsionaram o movimento migratório de profissionais europeus tanto da área técnica como artística. Entre muitos imigrantes, trabalharam arquitetos, escultores, construtores e artífices provenientes da Itália na construção dos principais prédios da cidade, fossem eles públicos ou privados, cujos procedimentos construtivos não se encontram em documentos ou registros bibliográficos. Sabendo-se que o desenvolvimento econômico e social de uma comunidade não dispensa a valorização de sua história, cujo patrimônio arquitetônico se inclui, e depois de transcorrido mais de um século do início da execução destas obras, é inegável a necessidade de conservação, manutenção ou restauração destas construções. Os resultados da investigação, bem como as descrições e comparações com a tecnologia construtiva difundida neste período no país origem dos profissionais, permitiram concluir que os construtores italianos aplicaram as técnicas construtivas comumente utilizadas na Itália, bem como materiais importados ou encontrados na região. Este trabalho possibilitou uma ampla caracterização da tecnologia construtiva utilizada e a documentação dos dados obtidos passa a ser referência para as futuras intervenções e pesquisas sobre o tema. / This work consists of a survey of the building technology used by Italian builders and their descendants at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century in Pelotas, a town in southern Brazil. The economic growth which resulted from jerked meat production and the ensuing urban development of the town in this historical period encouraged the migration of European professionals, both in technical and artistic areas. Among the immigrants were Italian architects, sculptors, builders and craftsmen who contributed to erect some of the most significant buildings in town, both public and private. Unfortunately the building procedures used by these professionals were not documented, nor do they have any bibliographical references. The undeniable need of conservation, maintenance or restoration of these buildings after over a century has elapsed since they were constructed is a fact inasmuch as the economic and social development of a community cannot exclude its historical appreciation. This research enabled the identification of building procedures and imported or regional materials which were used by these builders on the remaining construction of the period. The survey’ results, besides the connection to the technique and materials used in their country of origin at the time, enabled an extensive characterization of building technology applied and can be reference database to future intervention or research about this subject.

Este trabalho apresenta a investigação das técnicas construtivas empregadas nas obras de construtores italianos ou seus descendentes no final do século XIX e início do século XX em Pelotas – cidade da zona sul do Brasil. O crescimento da economia industrial propiciado pela produção do charque e o conseqüente desenvolvimento urbano do município neste período da sua história impulsionaram o movimento migratório de profissionais europeus tanto da área técnica como artística. Entre muitos imigrantes, trabalharam arquitetos, escultores, construtores e artífices provenientes da Itália na construção dos principais prédios da cidade, fossem eles públicos ou privados, cujos procedimentos construtivos não se encontram em documentos ou registros bibliográficos. Sabendo-se que o desenvolvimento econômico e social de uma comunidade não dispensa a valorização de sua história, cujo patrimônio arquitetônico se inclui, e depois de transcorrido mais de um século do início da execução destas obras, é inegável a necessidade de conservação, manutenção ou restauração destas construções. Os resultados da investigação, bem como as descrições e comparações com a tecnologia construtiva difundida neste período no país origem dos profissionais, permitiram concluir que os construtores italianos aplicaram as técnicas construtivas comumente utilizadas na Itália, bem como materiais importados ou encontrados na região. Este trabalho possibilitou uma ampla caracterização da tecnologia construtiva utilizada e a documentação dos dados obtidos passa a ser referência para as futuras intervenções e pesquisas sobre o tema. / This work consists of a survey of the building technology used by Italian builders and their descendants at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century in Pelotas, a town in southern Brazil. The economic growth which resulted from jerked meat production and the ensuing urban development of the town in this historical period encouraged the migration of European professionals, both in technical and artistic areas. Among the immigrants were Italian architects, sculptors, builders and craftsmen who contributed to erect some of the most significant buildings in town, both public and private. Unfortunately the building procedures used by these professionals were not documented, nor do they have any bibliographical references. The undeniable need of conservation, maintenance or restoration of these buildings after over a century has elapsed since they were constructed is a fact inasmuch as the economic and social development of a community cannot exclude its historical appreciation. This research enabled the identification of building procedures and imported or regional materials which were used by these builders on the remaining construction of the period. The survey’ results, besides the connection to the technique and materials used in their country of origin at the time, enabled an extensive characterization of building technology applied and can be reference database to future intervention or research about this subject.

Este trabalho apresenta a investigação das técnicas construtivas empregadas nas obras de construtores italianos ou seus descendentes no final do século XIX e início do século XX em Pelotas – cidade da zona sul do Brasil. O crescimento da economia industrial propiciado pela produção do charque e o conseqüente desenvolvimento urbano do município neste período da sua história impulsionaram o movimento migratório de profissionais europeus tanto da área técnica como artística. Entre muitos imigrantes, trabalharam arquitetos, escultores, construtores e artífices provenientes da Itália na construção dos principais prédios da cidade, fossem eles públicos ou privados, cujos procedimentos construtivos não se encontram em documentos ou registros bibliográficos. Sabendo-se que o desenvolvimento econômico e social de uma comunidade não dispensa a valorização de sua história, cujo patrimônio arquitetônico se inclui, e depois de transcorrido mais de um século do início da execução destas obras, é inegável a necessidade de conservação, manutenção ou restauração destas construções. Os resultados da investigação, bem como as descrições e comparações com a tecnologia construtiva difundida neste período no país origem dos profissionais, permitiram concluir que os construtores italianos aplicaram as técnicas construtivas comumente utilizadas na Itália, bem como materiais importados ou encontrados na região. Este trabalho possibilitou uma ampla caracterização da tecnologia construtiva utilizada e a documentação dos dados obtidos passa a ser referência para as futuras intervenções e pesquisas sobre o tema. / This work consists of a survey of the building technology used by Italian builders and their descendants at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century in Pelotas, a town in southern Brazil. The economic growth which resulted from jerked meat production and the ensuing urban development of the town in this historical period encouraged the migration of European professionals, both in technical and artistic areas. Among the immigrants were Italian architects, sculptors, builders and craftsmen who contributed to erect some of the most significant buildings in town, both public and private. Unfortunately the building procedures used by these professionals were not documented, nor do they have any bibliographical references. The undeniable need of conservation, maintenance or restoration of these buildings after over a century has elapsed since they were constructed is a fact inasmuch as the economic and social development of a community cannot exclude its historical appreciation. This research enabled the identification of building procedures and imported or regional materials which were used by these builders on the remaining construction of the period. The survey’ results, besides the connection to the technique and materials used in their country of origin at the time, enabled an extensive characterization of building technology applied and can be reference database to future intervention or research about this subject.