<p>The building sector is a major contributor to theenvironmental loads generated by the society. The recognitionof this fact by the sector and a general strive toward asustainable society have lead to afocus on different toolsthat can be used to enhance the environmental performance ofthe sector and the society. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is oneof these tools. The LCA methodology was initially developed forassessments of short-lived consumer products. The increasinginterest in using the LCA methodology in the context of thebuilding sector has initiated a development of the methodologyto be able to consider the specific characteristics andconsiderations of the building sector. These are specific forthe building sector, but not always unique. Examples ofcharacteristics and considerations are: that each building isunique, the functional output is not always a physical productbut rather a service, the long service lives of buildings.These have implications on several elements in the LCAmethodology. The influenced elements that are dealt with inthis thesis are in particular the modeling of the system, thefunctional unit, boundary setting, life cycle scenarios,scenarios and inventory of the usage phase and allocationprocedures.</p><p>Buildings and constructions are commonly not static systems.The systems are rather dynamic in the sense that the systemwill provide different services based on the same physicalstructure during its service life. To be able to model thedynamic system sequential life cycle thinking is introduced anda list of topics is derived. The list of topics is a structuredpresentation of issues that are of interest in the pursuit of aflexible LCA methodology. The goal is to find out if amethodological approach is suitable for modeling dynamicsystems with a functional unit that is based on the providedservice rather than the physical building.</p><p>Boundary setting, life cycle scenarios, allocationprocedures, predicted service life and the modelling of theusage phase are all elements of the LCA methodology that havean potential to influence the result of an LCA in a significantway. The magnitude of the potential influence has beenmonitored based on the results of three case studies, whichhave been elaborated further to be able to estimate themagnitude of the potential influence.</p><p>There is a multitude of available allocation procedurespresented and used in different contexts. The procedures aredeveloped based on different considerations and with differentintended applications. Two alternative allocation proceduresare presented in this thesis. The first is a proceduredeveloped with multi recyclable materials in mind and it isbased on the recyclability of materials and products. Thesecond procedure is quite recently developed and it is based ona combination of economic parameters and recyclability.</p><p>The importance of the usage phase for buildings andconstructions has previously been recognised. The maincontributors to the environmental loads generated during theusage phase are energy use, maintenance and emissions fromproducts. It is, however, not very common to consider the usagephase in assessments conducted on materials and components,even though it is stipulated in e.g. ISO 14025 that the wholelife cycle should be considered. A proposal of a model toestimate the environmental loads is, therefore, presented.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Life cycle assessment, Building materials andcomponents, Buildings and constructions, Allocation, Resultvariation, Usage phase, Energy demand</p>

The building sector is a major contributor to theenvironmental loads generated by the society. The recognitionof this fact by the sector and a general strive toward asustainable society have lead to afocus on different toolsthat can be used to enhance the environmental performance ofthe sector and the society. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is oneof these tools. The LCA methodology was initially developed forassessments of short-lived consumer products. The increasinginterest in using the LCA methodology in the context of thebuilding sector has initiated a development of the methodologyto be able to consider the specific characteristics andconsiderations of the building sector. These are specific forthe building sector, but not always unique. Examples ofcharacteristics and considerations are: that each building isunique, the functional output is not always a physical productbut rather a service, the long service lives of buildings.These have implications on several elements in the LCAmethodology. The influenced elements that are dealt with inthis thesis are in particular the modeling of the system, thefunctional unit, boundary setting, life cycle scenarios,scenarios and inventory of the usage phase and allocationprocedures. Buildings and constructions are commonly not static systems.The systems are rather dynamic in the sense that the systemwill provide different services based on the same physicalstructure during its service life. To be able to model thedynamic system sequential life cycle thinking is introduced anda list of topics is derived. The list of topics is a structuredpresentation of issues that are of interest in the pursuit of aflexible LCA methodology. The goal is to find out if amethodological approach is suitable for modeling dynamicsystems with a functional unit that is based on the providedservice rather than the physical building. Boundary setting, life cycle scenarios, allocationprocedures, predicted service life and the modelling of theusage phase are all elements of the LCA methodology that havean potential to influence the result of an LCA in a significantway. The magnitude of the potential influence has beenmonitored based on the results of three case studies, whichhave been elaborated further to be able to estimate themagnitude of the potential influence. There is a multitude of available allocation procedurespresented and used in different contexts. The procedures aredeveloped based on different considerations and with differentintended applications. Two alternative allocation proceduresare presented in this thesis. The first is a proceduredeveloped with multi recyclable materials in mind and it isbased on the recyclability of materials and products. Thesecond procedure is quite recently developed and it is based ona combination of economic parameters and recyclability. The importance of the usage phase for buildings andconstructions has previously been recognised. The maincontributors to the environmental loads generated during theusage phase are energy use, maintenance and emissions fromproducts. It is, however, not very common to consider the usagephase in assessments conducted on materials and components,even though it is stipulated in e.g. ISO 14025 that the wholelife cycle should be considered. A proposal of a model toestimate the environmental loads is, therefore, presented. Keywords:Life cycle assessment, Building materials andcomponents, Buildings and constructions, Allocation, Resultvariation, Usage phase, Energy demand / <p>NR 20140805</p>

Este trabalho tem por finalidade a proposta de um manual com recomendações para o projeto e construção de estruturas com peças roliças de madeira tratada, oriunda de madeiras de reflorestamento no Brasil. Para isso foram realizados estudos teóricos e experimentais de elementos estruturais e de ligações em madeiras utilizando peças roliças. Foram classificadas e caracterizadas peças roliças estruturais de madeira, visualmente e mecanicamente, e apresentadas diretrizes de projetos de pontes e de galpões com sistemas estruturais e construtivos em peças roliças de madeira de reflorestamento. Os resultados serão compilados em um manual de projeto e construção de estruturas de madeira utilizando peças roliças. O estudo teve, além disso, o objetivo de divulgar, por meio de catalogações em 124 fichas técnicas, alternativas na área de estruturas e na construção civil, utilizando madeiras com peças roliças, tais como estacas de fundações, passarelas, pontes, quiosques, galpões rurais, edificações residenciais, estabelecimentos comerciais, hotelarias, igrejas, instituições de ensino, sedes de parques ecológicos e ambientais, estruturas de locais de eventos, coberturas especiais, estruturas de arquibancadas, parques turísticos e com brinquedos infantis, terminal de aeroporto, torres de observação, estruturas provisórias de cimbramentos para formas de estruturas de concreto, defensas de rodovias, barreiras acústicas, entre outros, construídos no Brasil e no exterior. Estes sistemas estruturais proporcionam a economia e favorecem o meio ambiente de forma sustentável, e principalmente promovendo o ciclo de geração das novas florestas, imprescindíveis para o sequestro de carbono. / The object of this work is to propose the draft for a handbook with recommendations for the design and construction of structures using treated roundwood originating from forest farming in Brazil. Roundwood structures were classified and characterized visually and mechanically. Guidelines were presented for the desing of bridges and barns with structural and building systems using roundwood timber harvested from reforestation projects. Results will be compiled into a manual of design and construction of timber structures using roundwood. The study also had the purpose to publicize through the cataloging in 124 fact sheets of the alternatives for wooden structures in civil construction work with roundwood, such as pole for foundation piling, walkways, bridges, kiosks, farm barns, residential housing, business stores, hotels, churches, schools, ecological and environmental parks, structures for public shows and events, special coverage structures, bleachers, tourist parks and playgrounds, airport terminal, observation towers, forming wood for concrete structures, highway barriers, noise barriers, among others, to be built in Brazil and abroad. These systems provide financial savings and are good for the environment in a sustainable manner, especially by promoting the cycle of generation of new forests that crucial for carbon sequestration.

Este trabalho tem por finalidade a proposta de um manual com recomendações para o projeto e construção de estruturas com peças roliças de madeira tratada, oriunda de madeiras de reflorestamento no Brasil. Para isso foram realizados estudos teóricos e experimentais de elementos estruturais e de ligações em madeiras utilizando peças roliças. Foram classificadas e caracterizadas peças roliças estruturais de madeira, visualmente e mecanicamente, e apresentadas diretrizes de projetos de pontes e de galpões com sistemas estruturais e construtivos em peças roliças de madeira de reflorestamento. Os resultados serão compilados em um manual de projeto e construção de estruturas de madeira utilizando peças roliças. O estudo teve, além disso, o objetivo de divulgar, por meio de catalogações em 124 fichas técnicas, alternativas na área de estruturas e na construção civil, utilizando madeiras com peças roliças, tais como estacas de fundações, passarelas, pontes, quiosques, galpões rurais, edificações residenciais, estabelecimentos comerciais, hotelarias, igrejas, instituições de ensino, sedes de parques ecológicos e ambientais, estruturas de locais de eventos, coberturas especiais, estruturas de arquibancadas, parques turísticos e com brinquedos infantis, terminal de aeroporto, torres de observação, estruturas provisórias de cimbramentos para formas de estruturas de concreto, defensas de rodovias, barreiras acústicas, entre outros, construídos no Brasil e no exterior. Estes sistemas estruturais proporcionam a economia e favorecem o meio ambiente de forma sustentável, e principalmente promovendo o ciclo de geração das novas florestas, imprescindíveis para o sequestro de carbono. / The object of this work is to propose the draft for a handbook with recommendations for the design and construction of structures using treated roundwood originating from forest farming in Brazil. Roundwood structures were classified and characterized visually and mechanically. Guidelines were presented for the desing of bridges and barns with structural and building systems using roundwood timber harvested from reforestation projects. Results will be compiled into a manual of design and construction of timber structures using roundwood. The study also had the purpose to publicize through the cataloging in 124 fact sheets of the alternatives for wooden structures in civil construction work with roundwood, such as pole for foundation piling, walkways, bridges, kiosks, farm barns, residential housing, business stores, hotels, churches, schools, ecological and environmental parks, structures for public shows and events, special coverage structures, bleachers, tourist parks and playgrounds, airport terminal, observation towers, forming wood for concrete structures, highway barriers, noise barriers, among others, to be built in Brazil and abroad. These systems provide financial savings and are good for the environment in a sustainable manner, especially by promoting the cycle of generation of new forests that crucial for carbon sequestration.