Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Delaware, 2006. / Principal faculty advisor: Penny L. Deiner, Dept. of Individual and Family Studies. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Psychology, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 23-28).

Thesis (M. Ed.)--Lancaster Bible College, 2007. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-101).

The aim of this study was to describe occurrences of peer harassment and the influences it has on Form Three learners in Zimbabwean rural day secondary schools. A review of studies conducted internationally indicated that peer harassment is prevalent and is stressful for most learners. Reports indicate that the negative impacts of peer harassment limit the educational achievements of the learners, and that learners need teacher and parental assistance to deal with peer harassment. In particular there appears to be a need for the creation of safe learning environments. This study was informed by an eclectic framework based on Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, Bronfenbrenner's socio-ecological theory and Allardt's social welfare theory. These three theories point to the need for understanding that the social supports available to an individual determine how the individual perceives and responds to all his or her experiences. Investigations of the perceptions which individuals hold of their diverse lived experiences are best understood from a qualitative paradigm. Since the study intended to gain an understanding of the forms of peer harassment experienced by learners and how their individual experiences influenced their wellbeing, a phenomenological design was used. The sample was comprised of fifteen Form Three (grade 10) learners from three rural schools who volunteered to share their experiences of peer harassment. Data generated from semi-structured interviews with the individual participants were analyzed revealing emergent themes to answer the research questions. Findings revealed that the learners experienced various forms of peer harassment with physical peer harassment being the most prevalent. The data also revealed that peer harassment had both psychological and social influences on the well being of the learners which were primarily negative. Most learners felt that they were not getting adequate support from the adults (i.e., their teachers and the parents and guardians. The apparent reason for this lack of support from the adults was related to the community values which adults held about how learners were expected to deal with peer harassment. It was also evident that most learners chose to suffer silently, or hoped that God would intervene to assist them. Teachers were also not doing enough to assist the learners to stop peer harassment. Like the parents and guardians, most of the teachers did not perceive peer harassment as a serious problem in learners' lives so they did very little to assist victims who complained to them. Learners relied primarily on friends for support. The study concluded that peer harassment influenced the learners 'psychological and social well being negatively. It provided recommendations for schools, teachers, parents and the learners themselves. These stakeholders may collaborate to establish anti-harassment policies and to inform the design and implementation of anti-harassment policies in Zimbabwean rural schools. Recommendations are also provided for further studies aimed at identifying effective responses to the phenomenon of peer harassment.

Magister Educationis - Med / According to Morrison (2007), bullying is considered a critical issue in the Western Cape Schools as well as in South African schools in general. This phenomenon of bullying can affect learners in schools and may lead to several problems such as low esteem, poor academic performance, depression, absenteeism and eventually dropping out of school. In addition, numerous studies in psychology have revealed that physical activity has positive effects on learners, (Ajay, 2011; Shaffer, 2002). This is because it increases self-esteem in learners, boosts confidence and builds the physical, social, emotional, moral and intellectual composition in an individual. This study will aim (1) to determine the relationship between bullying and physical activity among South African learners in one high school in the Western Cape, (2) to measure the frequency of bullying at that high school, (3) to measure the frequency of bully-victimization in the school among South African learners in that high school in the Western Cape, and (4) to establish the level of physical activity by the learners in the high school. This study used a quantitative method and a descriptive survey as research design. The participants were mostly black South African adolescent learners, aged between 14 and 20 years.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Education in the Faculty of Education at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2013 / The purpose of this study was to explore teachers‟ perspectives on school bullying with insights from two primary schools in Cape Town. The topic of „bullying‟ is not a new one in research; however this study investigated the factors affecting teachers‟ perspectives on school bullying and how these perspectives affect the way teachers responded to incidents of bullying. The concepts of habitus, capital and field were used to provide a theoretical lens through which to examine the topic. The study was based on a small sample of 31 teachers drawn from two primary schools. The study employed a mixed-method approach in which quantitative and qualitative principles were applied. The study consisted of two phases in which data collection took place. The first was a questionnaire, while the second involved interviews. The application of two data- collecting instruments helped to ensure triangulation, thereby enhancing the credibility of the process. Findings indicated that teachers have various conceptions of bullying; this is partly determined by their gender, but also by the way in which they grew up and experienced bullying themselves as children.

Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Education in the Faculty of Education and Social Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011 / Bullying at schools is a worldwide phenomenon and has been extensively researched. However, the role of teachers in this regard, specifically their responses and attitudes towards bullying, has not been as widely covered or reported on. In this study a qualitative case study approach was used to explore teachers‟ attitudes with regard to bullying at a high school in the Cape Metropole. Teachers‟ attitudes, responses, understandings and perceptions with regard to bullying were explored primarily through interviews with nine staff members at the school. The purpose of the research is to attempt to create a greater awareness among teachers of the phenomenon of bullying, and to investigate how their attitudes affect the dynamics in the school yard and related educational issues such as retaliation, tolerance, etc. The research was conducted according to international ethical guidelines and with the permission of the Western Cape Education Department (WCED). The literature review for this study covers two main areas: bullying and teachers‟ attitudes towards it. The area of bullying looks at the phenomenon itself, the definitions thereof, how it is viewed in this study, types of bullying, the role players as well as the effects. Teachers‟ attitudes towards bullying hone in on school climate, the whole-school approach to bullying prevention, teachers‟ attitudes with regard to bullying, and the South African context of the study. Findings will be reported in a narrative format, considering the methodology cited and the literature review. The conclusions in this study are meant to contribute to the overall prevention of bullying in schools in this country. The conclusions concerning teachers‟ attitudes with regard to bullying should be of some value in the ongoing challenge to minimise the scourge of bullying in South African schools.

M. Ed. (Educational Psychology) / The study explored the challenges experienced by Life Orientation teachers with regard to the reality of dealing with school bullying. The participants in this study were Life Orientation teachers from public schools in Gauteng West District. The aim was to explore challenges experienced by Grade Nine Life Orientation teachers with regard to learner-on-learner bullying in Gauteng West District. Using Bronfenbrenner’s (2008) bio-ecological systems theory I sought to understand the complexity of the influences, interactions and interrelationships between individual learners and multiple other systems connected to them. Due to the nature of the research topic a qualitative design was chosen, taking a phenomenological approach because of its relevance to everyday life (Timm & Elkell-Bloklan 2011). The participants targeted for the study were six Life Orientation teachers from three high schools and the themes that emerged were types of bullying they observed; the contribution of the school environment to the vulnerability of learners; lack of adherence to school policies; and inadequate teacher training on bullying. Findings also reflect how Life Orientation teachers face problems regarding bullying but they show resilience and how important it is for them ( Life Orientation ) teachers to be vigorously trained in counselling victims and perpetrators in order to contain the situation. Findings and recommendations shall be shared with the Gauteng Department of Education.

This study explores the phenomenon of educator targeted-bullying (ETB) by learners as an educational problem in terms of the incidence, frequency, severity and the impact on effective teaching and learning in classrooms. Abuse or bullying in schools usually happens amongst learners or to learners targeted by educators. However, the phenomenon of educator abuse by learners is escalating, internationally as well as nationally, and is experienced by many educators, especially by those teaching in secondary schools. An extensive literature review on numerous research national and international studies reports on the fact that the bullying of educators in all its forms, including physical, verbal, emotional and cyber bullying, impacts negatively on the emotional and psychological well-being of educators who are also stressed by other work demands, resulting in ineffective teaching and learning experiences in schools. The over-arching purpose of this local study was to determine the impact of ETB by learners on the effectiveness of teaching and learning in classrooms. In addition, other aspects of ETB were examined, namely the types of bullying, its severity and frequency, and the emotional and psychological effects on educators’ general well-being as victims. The study was conducted in a private high school in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan area, Eastern Cape, South Africa. A qualitative methodology was used and all the educators employed at this particular school took part in the study. Convenience sampling was thus applied in the selection of the participants and questionnaires and written narratives were used as data gathering instruments. Twelve educators completed questionnaires to gather information-rich qualitative data to investigate the abovementioned aspects of this study. Four educators wrote narratives on their experiences of ETB by learners in this school context. The results of this research provided valuable evidence that ETB by learners in this school has a distressing impact on the educators and their psychological well-being, impairing teaching quality and learning outcomes in classrooms and, ultimately, with adverse educational consequences for all learners. The theoretical framework for this study was based on the ecological systems theory of the developmental psychologist and theorist, Urie Bronfenbrenner. Bronfenbrenner (1979) suggested that the process of human development is shaped and moulded by a person’s v environment and all the people and institutions that play a role in that environment. In my view, this theory may explain to some extent why some children are moulded and shaped as bullies as a result of the child’s exposure to and interaction with his/her environment. The main findings of this study include the fact that ETB is a serious phenomenon that an increasing number of educators are exposed to. It also appears that the incidences are becoming more severe and involve serious physical threats and bodily harm. Educators are also exposed to ETB on a regular basis, with many educators being bullied on a daily basis. It is clear that verbal abuse is the most prominent form of ETB leading to emotional damage, feelings of incompetence and reduced motivation to teach with innovation and enthusiasm. This in turn leads to the very concerning fact that ETB negatively affects successful teaching and learning in classrooms, adding more problems to an already embattled education system. Participants also provided some guidelines to reduce and possibly prevent ETB by learners. In doing so, these data can hopefully be used in the formulation of anti-bullying programmes for educators, which can result in safer working environments and more effective teaching and learning for learners.

The experience of verbal bullying at school may cause a female adolescent much distress. This distress can result in the adolescent experiencing life as traumatic and may influence her sense of well being negatively. Verbal bullying usually takes the form of name-calling, put-downs and insults. This can be very traumatic for adolescents and can lower their self-esteem, which may eventually lead to mental illness. The parents of adolescent learners often have the misconception that bullying is a normal part of a teenager’s life and are unaware of the distress it may cause the adolescent. The victimized adolescent should, therefore, be provided with support in order to avert the occurrence of mental illness. The goals of this study were to: • Explore and describe the experiences of adolescent girls regarding verbal bullying in secondary school settings. • Develop guidelines to assist mental health nursing specialists in helping adolescent girls to cope with bullying in secondary schools. The researcher used a qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design with a phenomenological approach. The research population consisted of female learners in a secondary school setting. Purposive sampling was used in this study to identify participants. Data was collected by means of naïve sketches, one-to-one-interviews and field notes based on observations. Data was analyzed using Tesch’s method (in Creswell, 1994:190) of descriptive analysis. The identified themes were compared to available literature. The data collected from this study was used to develop guidelines to aid mental health nursing specialists to help adolescents to cope with verbal bullying.