<p> This study was to examine to identify the determinants on mechanism of emotional marketing in the restaurant business. The previous studied mostly examined to find out the service failure from the service qualities by service employees and by the service facilities. Limited studies were conducted to identify the service failure based on the emotional relationships among customers' emotional intelligence, and interactions to recover service failure from emotional labors as well as from customers. </p><p> The purposes of this study were conducted three steps. First, this study examined to identify how different characteristics of customer' characteristics of emotional intelligence such as perceiving emotion, social management, understanding emotion, use of emotion, and managing emotion can interact with 1) customer' perception on emotional labor' acting-out (deep and superficial), 2) customer' efficacy (for self and for other), 3) customer' coping strategy (emotional coping focus and problem coping focus) under unexpected service failure circumstances. Secondly, these three major theoretical constructs were tested to identify the statistical associations with customer' participation and satisfaction. Lastly, the group differences were conducted to test the mean differences between gender in customer' emotional intelligence, ethnicity, nationality and interactions between ethnicity and nationality. </p><p> The total of 598 responses was used for the group differences and the final structural equation modeling. Independent samples t-test was used to identify the mean differences between gender, and the Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was conducted to test the vector differences between the two ethnicity groups and nationality origins from the western countries and the eastern countries. </p><p> The findings from the group differences explained 1) customer' emotional intelligence has statistical differences between male and female customers, 2) customer' EI had significant meanings in the vector differences among ethnicity, nationality, and interactions of ethnicity and nationality between the western countries and eastern countries. The comparative fit index of the final competing structural model was 0.918, RMSEA = 0.059, thus the overall SEM fit indices were over the cut-off of the powerful model fits. Thus, the this study identified the determinants on mechanism of emotional marketing using the theoretical constructs of EI, emotional labor's action, customer efficacy, coping strategy on customer satisfaction under unexpectedly encountered service failure and the interactions among emotional changes in the service recovery from emotional labors as well as customers. This study contributes to establish theory on how customer' different characters of the EI can associate with different emotional constructs in this studies for hospitality, tourism and service oriented industries.</p>

In 1988, an important Quebec chain of supermarkets organized and sponsored a campaign to promote healthy eating habits and regular physical activity. Six comprehensive articles were published weekly in a free flyer. The hypothesis underlying this study is that the program changes the buying habits of customers, as reflected by the content of their grocery carts. Data were collected at four points in time in one supermarket. Four independent samples of customers (N = 465) answered a brief questionnaire and the descriptive sales slip was used to analyze the food items in their shopping carts. The major dependent variables were the portions of various food groups, and fiber and lipid densities per dollar. Results show that, over time, customers lowered the lipid content and increased the fiber content of their purchases. This suggests that the food industry can play an effective role in improving the well-being of their clients.

The aggregate market of the Eastern United States is quantitatively modelled and the interaction of its components measured. Concrete and paving aggregate were the selected types for the purposes of this study. Using 1987 as base year, production is segmented into geographic units by using information obtained from the Mine Safety and Health Administration. The quarry price is given by an empirical relation, accounting for urbanization, and based on an extensive telephone survey. The global demand is determined by econometric procedures. The break-down by geographic unit is performed using construction data in an input/output manner. Transport, which is multi-modal, is simulated by linear programming. These concepts are consolidated by the optimisation of aggregate distribution. The model developed is used to simulate different situations, demonstrating the reliability of the obtained solutions.

Recent applications of game theory to the oligopoly have characterized the nature of the competition in an industry by examining payoff matrices and the strategies chosen by the players. In this study, a game-theoretic model of an oligopoly is developed, wherein the marketing-mix decisions made by the participating firms are represented as alternate strategic options. Econometric methods are employed to estimate the payoffs in the game matrices. Issues in model operationalization are discussed; then the model is applied to two real situations. In each case, the game matrix derived is used to describe the competitive nature of the industry (by examining the strategic decisions made over time), to evaluate the strategies chosen, given the intentions of the firms, and to recommend desirable strategies for the future. / La théorie des jeux, appliquée à l’étude des oligopoles, permet de caractériser la nature de la concurrence industrielle grâce à l’examen des sommes à gagner et des stratégies suivies par les joueurs. Cette étude développe un modèle d’oligopole basé sur la théorie des jeux et dans lequel les décisions de marketing prises par les participants sont représentées par des choix stratégiques. Lps sommes à gagner sont estimées par des methodes économètriques. Le modèle est operationnel et appliqué à deux situations réelles. Dans chaque cas, on parvient à décrire la nature de la concurrence dans l’industrie; à evaluer les stratégies passées; et à recommander de meilleures stratégies pour l’avenir.

<p> The question is regularly posed within communication academia as to whether computer mediated communication (CMC) is a "richer" form of communication than face-to-face (FtF). Similarly, the necessity of meeting FtF with regard to business has been repeatedly called into question since the downturn of the economy in 2008-2009. One reason professionals gather FtF is for tradeshows. </p><p> This thesis looks at the quality of the communication that takes place at FtF tradeshows, and reveals attitudes and opinions with regard to the importance of the relationship-building and commerce that occurs in person and/or online. The results inform what we can and cannot accomplish in these different environments. </p><p> 331 professionals who have worked in tradeshows as a planner, an exhibitor, an attendee, or an executive took an online survey designed to reveal how they felt about the relationship-building and commerce that occurs in the tradeshow environment. The questions were focused on whether FtF, CMC, or a combination of the two is the solution, exploring the value and necessity of tradeshows. Additionally, an autoethnography highlights some personal experiences, having served within each of the professional roles with regard to tradeshows. </p><p> The results showed the respondents felt that CMC is not a replacement for the FtF communication that occurs at tradeshows, but it is a useful supplement to the FtF experience. The autoethnography echoed these sentiments, in addition to echoing the short answers of many of the respondents.</p>

<p> Over two million military personnel will leave the service over the next decade (Cook &amp; Kim; 2009). The majority of these veterans will receive the most generous GI Bill since its inception (United States Department of Veterans Affairs [VA], 2011). Institutions will covet these students to offset discounting (Barr &amp; McClellan, 2011; Basch, 1997; Curs &amp; Singell, 2010; Parrott, 2008; United States Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee [HELP], 2012). To recruit and retain these students, military veterans must view these institutions as friendly (Bean &amp; Metzner, 1985; Radford, 2011; Vacchi, 2012). </p><p> Previous studies focused on transition and access to veteran services (Ackerman, DiRamio, &amp; Garza-Mitchell, 2009; Cook &amp; Kim; 2009; Diamond, 2012; DiRamio, Ackerman, &amp; Mitchell, 2008; Griffin &amp; Gilbert, 2012; McBain, Kim, Cook, &amp; Snead, 2012; Rumann &amp; Hamrick, 2010). They identified factors that contribute to military friendliness along dimensions of cost, culture, collaboration, convenience, caring, and characteristics; however, they did not correlate these variables with veteran perceptions of friendliness (Ackerman et al., 2009; Diamond, 2012; DiRamio et al., 2008; Rumann &amp; Hamrick, 2010). These studies were qualitative and used small samples (Ackerman et al., 2009; Diamond, 2012; DiRamio, et al., 2008; Rumann &amp; Hamrick, 2010). This study determined how military veterans ranked these variables, compared how they differed by demographics, and determined to what extent these factors explained impressions of military friendliness at their institutions. </p><p> This quantitative correlational study surveyed veteran populations (N=188) at five institutions in the New England. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to run descriptive and inferential statistics to rank military friendliness factors and compare these rankings along various demographics. Findings revealed significant differences in student perceptions based on gender, marital status, children, age, combat experience, military status, educational assistance eligibility, academic status, institution type, and college residency. Findings also determined to what extent and in what manner these factors explained respondents' perceptions of military friendliness at their own institutions. The results of this study may inform higher educational leaders how to prioritize initiatives and to provide better support to military veteran students.</p>

<p> In the past twenty years, globalization has had both observable and intangible impacts on business and labor markets at the local level, that are of critical importance to communities and the people who inhabit them. While impacts of global economic change on local labor markets have been anticipated, there is little insight in the research literature into the empirical dynamics of the interrelationship between global economic change and local labor markets. This study examined the impacts of globalization on local labor markets through three lenses: (1) quantitative analysis of employment change in the Denver Metropolitan Region local labor market, (2) quantitative comparison of six other metropolitan regional labor markets across different geographies, and (3) a qualitative analysis of explicit reports by participants in the Denver Metropolitan local labor market (people in business, consulting, the public sector, and education). The main hypothesis of this study is that, in metropolitan areas where the forces of global economic change are at work, two proxy measures for globalization, foreign direct investment (FDI) and export trade, have a statistically significant relationship to changes in industry employment in local labor markets. Quantitative analysis used multiple regression to identify correlation between industry employment and FDI and export trade. Results indicate that there is a correlation in selected industries where the geographic factors of location provided an explanatory basis for the results. Qualitative analysis revealed that respondents have cautious optimism regarding the economic promise of globalization and still acknowledge the challenges that globalization brings into focus for the region's business, education and government stakeholders. It also demonstrated the differences in perspectives of the respondents from different roles: business owner, enterprise employee, educator, and government official. The study concludes that the data support the hypothesis in select industries where there are geographic advantages, but they do not support the generalization of the hypothesis to all cases where FDI or international export trade affect industry employment. The study further finds that each of the metros examined have unique regional economic development entities that partner to attract FDI and encourage international export trade.</p>

Network strategy in the New Zealand wine industry: how firms in an industry understand and use their business relationshipsThis theory-building study offers new theoretical explanations for how and why companies within a case industry use relationships in their strategies. Using qualitative data from multiple case studies within the New Zealand wine industry, the thesis captures and explains the strategic heterogeneity of diverse patterns of relationships and network interactions and how these are used strategically. Drawing on strategic management and business network theory, it emphasises how firms value their relationships in strategy, that is, how they contribute to strategy formation process and realisation outcomes. The study builds new interpretations and extends theory through in-depth exploration, providing two extensive typologies of relationships, one categorised according to the range of relationships, their functions, content and contribution to strategy, and another according to strategies and how relationships are used in their realisation. A model of relationship drivers in strategy is then developed, tested, and refined to show the purposes and outcomes of relationships and clarify the processes and conditions under which they arise and are used within an industry. The data support converging assumptions in strategic management and business network theory on the connectedness of firms in business relationships and the embeddedness of economic action in ongoing ties within social structures. Concepts of intentionality and emergence are used to show that emergence primarily arises out of intentionality.Understanding of relationships was based on the historically collective nature of the industry, on personal values, experience or approaches to relationships, on firm level strategy, especially decisions around grow, buy or connect options, and whether the firm aimed to control resources and activities internally or used relationships to achieve strategic goals. Firms focused on (in order of priority): resource-based input requirements, activity-based capability related strategies and actor-based values and these inputs operated at three levels which, singly or in combination, drove the diverse use of relationships: firm level strategy influences, relationship level influences and industry environment level influences. Two frameworks emerge which have strong explanatory power. One models how firms understanding and value placed on relationships is integrated into strategy processes. Another integrates concepts in a new way to show the main pathways through ways of understanding relationship development and use in strategy.

Network strategy in the New Zealand wine industry: how firms in an industry understand and use their business relationshipsThis theory-building study offers new theoretical explanations for how and why companies within a case industry use relationships in their strategies. Using qualitative data from multiple case studies within the New Zealand wine industry, the thesis captures and explains the strategic heterogeneity of diverse patterns of relationships and network interactions and how these are used strategically. Drawing on strategic management and business network theory, it emphasises how firms value their relationships in strategy, that is, how they contribute to strategy formation process and realisation outcomes. The study builds new interpretations and extends theory through in-depth exploration, providing two extensive typologies of relationships, one categorised according to the range of relationships, their functions, content and contribution to strategy, and another according to strategies and how relationships are used in their realisation. A model of relationship drivers in strategy is then developed, tested, and refined to show the purposes and outcomes of relationships and clarify the processes and conditions under which they arise and are used within an industry. The data support converging assumptions in strategic management and business network theory on the connectedness of firms in business relationships and the embeddedness of economic action in ongoing ties within social structures. Concepts of intentionality and emergence are used to show that emergence primarily arises out of intentionality.Understanding of relationships was based on the historically collective nature of the industry, on personal values, experience or approaches to relationships, on firm level strategy, especially decisions around grow, buy or connect options, and whether the firm aimed to control resources and activities internally or used relationships to achieve strategic goals. Firms focused on (in order of priority): resource-based input requirements, activity-based capability related strategies and actor-based values and these inputs operated at three levels which, singly or in combination, drove the diverse use of relationships: firm level strategy influences, relationship level influences and industry environment level influences. Two frameworks emerge which have strong explanatory power. One models how firms understanding and value placed on relationships is integrated into strategy processes. Another integrates concepts in a new way to show the main pathways through ways of understanding relationship development and use in strategy.

Network strategy in the New Zealand wine industry: how firms in an industry understand and use their business relationshipsThis theory-building study offers new theoretical explanations for how and why companies within a case industry use relationships in their strategies. Using qualitative data from multiple case studies within the New Zealand wine industry, the thesis captures and explains the strategic heterogeneity of diverse patterns of relationships and network interactions and how these are used strategically. Drawing on strategic management and business network theory, it emphasises how firms value their relationships in strategy, that is, how they contribute to strategy formation process and realisation outcomes. The study builds new interpretations and extends theory through in-depth exploration, providing two extensive typologies of relationships, one categorised according to the range of relationships, their functions, content and contribution to strategy, and another according to strategies and how relationships are used in their realisation. A model of relationship drivers in strategy is then developed, tested, and refined to show the purposes and outcomes of relationships and clarify the processes and conditions under which they arise and are used within an industry. The data support converging assumptions in strategic management and business network theory on the connectedness of firms in business relationships and the embeddedness of economic action in ongoing ties within social structures. Concepts of intentionality and emergence are used to show that emergence primarily arises out of intentionality.Understanding of relationships was based on the historically collective nature of the industry, on personal values, experience or approaches to relationships, on firm level strategy, especially decisions around grow, buy or connect options, and whether the firm aimed to control resources and activities internally or used relationships to achieve strategic goals. Firms focused on (in order of priority): resource-based input requirements, activity-based capability related strategies and actor-based values and these inputs operated at three levels which, singly or in combination, drove the diverse use of relationships: firm level strategy influences, relationship level influences and industry environment level influences. Two frameworks emerge which have strong explanatory power. One models how firms understanding and value placed on relationships is integrated into strategy processes. Another integrates concepts in a new way to show the main pathways through ways of understanding relationship development and use in strategy.