As amarras de correntes de aço para aplicação naval utilizadas na indústria de óleo e gás são fabricadas para atender elevadas exigências operacionais. Com a prospecção de petróleo em águas profundas e ultraprofundas o conhecimento de suas propriedades torna-se relevante. Frente a essa necessidade foi realizado o estudo das propriedades mecânicas e metalúrgicas de um elo de corrente de amarra naval na indústria do petróleo proveniente de operação. Esse estudo teve como objetivo principal identificar e avaliar as propriedades mecânicas e metalúrgicas das regiões resultante do processo de soldagem por centelhamento frente ao material de base. Como objetivo secundário foi classificado o material de acordo com algumas propriedades mecânicas recomendadas pela IACS UR W22. Para isso foram realizados ensaios de tração, microdureza, tenacidade ao impacto Charpy e à fratura CTOD, com avaliações metalúrgicas no material de base e região de união por centelhamento. Como resultado foi verificado que o processo de soldagem por centelhamento produziu zonas de extensões reduzidas e com menores valores de tenacidade à fratura e ao impacto. O processo de centelhamento produziu união com espessura de 0,375 mm, com uma zona de solda revelada por ataque químico e duas zonas afetadas pelo calor caracterizadas apenas por perfil de microdureza, com 0,150 mm e 0,300 mm, respectivamente. Os menores valores de tenacidade ao impacto Charpy e à fratura CTOD foram medidos nos corpos de prova posicionados na zona afetada pelo calor. Os resultados obtidos em todos os ensaios foram comparados com as recomendações técnicas IACS UR W22, onde caracterizou o elo como grau R4. / Mooring chains of offshore systems anchors are design to be used under extreme environment operation. New fields of exploration have been operated in deep water and ultra-deep water, wherefore, require more knowledge of the mechanical and metallurgical properties. Hence a study of a studless link of offshore chain from the operating service component was carried out. The main goal of this work was to determine and evaluate the properties of the base material and the zones produced by Flash Butt Welding Process. Furthermore, the material was characterized by the IACS UR W22 standard recommendation. In this study tests of tensile test, microhardness, Charpy and CTOD toughness, mechanical and metallurgical evaluation were performed in the base material and welding zones. The results showed small welding zones with reduced impact and fracture toughness. The lowest values were seen in specimens from the heat affect zone. The weld zone thickness observed by chemical etching extend 0,375 mm and the microhardness profile indicated a Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) with 0,150 and 0,300 mm. The lowest Charpy and CTOD toughness tests were measured in the HAZ specimens. These results were compared with IACS UR W22 standard recommendation and the link chain was characterized as R4 grade.

As amarras de correntes de aço para aplicação naval utilizadas na indústria de óleo e gás são fabricadas para atender elevadas exigências operacionais. Com a prospecção de petróleo em águas profundas e ultraprofundas o conhecimento de suas propriedades torna-se relevante. Frente a essa necessidade foi realizado o estudo das propriedades mecânicas e metalúrgicas de um elo de corrente de amarra naval na indústria do petróleo proveniente de operação. Esse estudo teve como objetivo principal identificar e avaliar as propriedades mecânicas e metalúrgicas das regiões resultante do processo de soldagem por centelhamento frente ao material de base. Como objetivo secundário foi classificado o material de acordo com algumas propriedades mecânicas recomendadas pela IACS UR W22. Para isso foram realizados ensaios de tração, microdureza, tenacidade ao impacto Charpy e à fratura CTOD, com avaliações metalúrgicas no material de base e região de união por centelhamento. Como resultado foi verificado que o processo de soldagem por centelhamento produziu zonas de extensões reduzidas e com menores valores de tenacidade à fratura e ao impacto. O processo de centelhamento produziu união com espessura de 0,375 mm, com uma zona de solda revelada por ataque químico e duas zonas afetadas pelo calor caracterizadas apenas por perfil de microdureza, com 0,150 mm e 0,300 mm, respectivamente. Os menores valores de tenacidade ao impacto Charpy e à fratura CTOD foram medidos nos corpos de prova posicionados na zona afetada pelo calor. Os resultados obtidos em todos os ensaios foram comparados com as recomendações técnicas IACS UR W22, onde caracterizou o elo como grau R4. / Mooring chains of offshore systems anchors are design to be used under extreme environment operation. New fields of exploration have been operated in deep water and ultra-deep water, wherefore, require more knowledge of the mechanical and metallurgical properties. Hence a study of a studless link of offshore chain from the operating service component was carried out. The main goal of this work was to determine and evaluate the properties of the base material and the zones produced by Flash Butt Welding Process. Furthermore, the material was characterized by the IACS UR W22 standard recommendation. In this study tests of tensile test, microhardness, Charpy and CTOD toughness, mechanical and metallurgical evaluation were performed in the base material and welding zones. The results showed small welding zones with reduced impact and fracture toughness. The lowest values were seen in specimens from the heat affect zone. The weld zone thickness observed by chemical etching extend 0,375 mm and the microhardness profile indicated a Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) with 0,150 and 0,300 mm. The lowest Charpy and CTOD toughness tests were measured in the HAZ specimens. These results were compared with IACS UR W22 standard recommendation and the link chain was characterized as R4 grade.

Das Infrarotschweißen ist ein industriell etabliertes Verfahren zur Herstellung von Bauteilen in unterschiedlichsten Anwendungsbereichen. Die Prozesseinrichtung ist jedoch mit einem hohen Kosten- und Zeitaufwand verbunden, da komplexe Strahler-Werkstoff-Wechselwirkungen das Aufschmelzverhalten des Kunststoffbauteils bestimmen. In vielen industriellen Infrarotschweißprozessen ist daher ein Rauchen der infraroterwärmten Bauteilbereiche zu beobachten. Eine Erforschung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Rauchbildung, Kunststofftemperatur, thermisch-oxidativer Belastung des Kunststoffs und den resultierenden mechanischen Schweißnahteigenschaften steht bislang aus. Weiterhin sind in Infrarotschweißprozessen in der industriellen Fertigung oftmals hohe Umstellzeiten und schwankende Fügeteiltemperaturen festzustellen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden erstmals die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Infrarotschweißverbindungen mit der Rauchbildung und thermisch-oxidativen Kunststoffbelastung korreliert und zwei Ansätze zur schonenden Erwärmung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse weisen nach, dass eine thermisch-oxidative Kunststoffschädigung zu einer Verschlechterung der mechanischen Schweißnahteigenschaften führt und bei der Auslegung industrieller Prozesse in Betracht gezogen werden muss. Das Schweißen in Argonatmosphäre und mit aktiver Strahlerleistungsregelung verhindern die Kunststoffzersetzung und führen in der Regel zu besseren mechanischen Schweißnahteigenschaften. Weiterhin wird deutlich, dass die Fügeteiltemperatur einen vernachlässigbaren Einfluss auf die Schweißnahteigenschaften hat, wohingegen Umstellzeiten ≥ 5 s eine erhebliche Reduzierung ebendieser zur Folge haben. Eine weitere Herausforderung ist das Infrarotschweißen (endlos-)faserverstärkter Kunststoffe. Die derzeit übliche Stumpfanordnung der Fügeteile führt zu einer Faserumlenkung in der Fügenaht und hat zur Folge, dass die Faserverstärkung nicht über die Fügeebene hinweg genutzt werden kann. Im Rahmen der Arbeit wird aufgrund dessen das überlappende Infrarotschweißen von Organoblechen untersucht. Um Bauteile aus Organoblechen mit erhöhter Komplexität, Größe und Steifigkeit herstellen zu können, werden zudem zwei industriell nutzbare Verfahrensvarianten auf Basis des Infrarotschweißens entwickelt. Unter Nutzung dieser, können Organoblechhohlkörper mit Überlappverbindungen gefertigt werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sowohl in Plattenprobekörpern als auch in Hohlkörpern eine Nutzung der Faserverstärkung über die Fügeebene hinweg möglich ist.:1 Einleitung und Zielsetzung 2 Grundlagen und Stand der Technik 3 Experimentelles 4 Analyseverfahren 5 Ergebnisse zum Stumpfschweißen 6 Ergebnisse zum Überlappschweißen 7 Bewertung der Ergebnisse 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick / The infrared welding is a well-established process in the industrial production of parts in various applications. However, the complex emitter-material interaction, which influences the meltdown behaviour of the plastic parts, results in a high effort for the process setup. A smoking of the plastic parts is to observe in numerous industrial infrared welding processes. The correlations between the smoking of the plastic, its temperature and thermal-oxidative degradation as well as the mechanical properties of the resulting welds are unidentified yet. Furthermore, in industrial infrared welding processes often high changeover times and varying joining part temperatures are existent. Therefore, within the present work the connections between the mechanical joint properties of infrared welds and the thermal-oxidative degradation of plastics are elaborated for the first time and two approaches for the gentle infrared heating are investigated. The findings prove that the thermal-oxidative degradation of the plastic substantially decreases the mechanical weld properties and needs to be taken into account when setting up the industrial infrared welding process. The welding in argon atmosphere and the use of an active infrared emitter power control, which ensures the heating of the plastic below the degradation temperature, lead to better mechanical weld properties. In addition, the outcome of this work shows that the influence of the temperature of the joining part is negligible regarding the mechanical joint properties, whereas changeover times greater than or equal to 5 s lead to a dramatical decrease in the mechanical properties. Another challenge is the infrared welding of fibre reinforced plastics. The butt welding of fibre reinforced thermoplastics is common practice and prevents the use of fibres in the joint plane due to the fibre deflection in this area. As a result, the overlapping welding of organo sheets is investigated as well. In order to produce large and complex parts with high stiffness made of organo sheets, two process variants on the basis of the infrared welding technology are developed, which can be used at the industrial scale to manufacture hollow bodies. The overlapping welds of specimens and in hollow bodes made of organo sheets, enable the fibre utilisation across the joint plane.:1 Einleitung und Zielsetzung 2 Grundlagen und Stand der Technik 3 Experimentelles 4 Analyseverfahren 5 Ergebnisse zum Stumpfschweißen 6 Ergebnisse zum Überlappschweißen 7 Bewertung der Ergebnisse 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick