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Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

There is much debate on the carcinogenic potential of disinfection by-products (DBP) in chlorinated water supplies. Until recently, epidemiological studies have been limited in their ability to examine accurately the risk of cancer with exposure to environmental carcinogens. This has largely been due to the long latency periods associated with cancer development, and the difficulties in accurately estimating chronic exposure. Although there is evidence, from predominantly case-control studies, of increased bladder cancer with exposure to chlorinated water supplies, the evidence is inconclusive. ¶ In an attempt to determine the carcinogenic potential of trihalomethanes (THMs) in chlorinated water, this study utilises DNA damage to bladder cells, evident as micronuclei, as a pre-clinical outcome measure. Using a pre-clinical marker helps overcome some of the limitations associated with long latency periods. The study improves on previous studies by estimating exposure to DBP at an individual level, and takes into consideration ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure. ¶ A cohort study was undertaken in three Australian communities. The Bungendore (NSW) water supply was not chlorinated thereby providing a community unexposed to DBPs from chlorinated water. Canberra (ACT) and Adelaide (SA) had intermediate and relatively higher (but still within NHMRC guideline levels) of DBPs in the reticulation system. Trihalomethane levels in reticulated water (external dose) and in urine (internal dose) were used as exposure indices. As well, intake dose was computed by adjusting external dose for individual variations in ingestion and bathing. The primary outcome measure was the prevalence of micronuclei in bladder epithelial cells. A DNA index derived from flow cytometry was also used to estimate DNA damage in bladder cells. Associations between exposure and outcome were estimated using Poisson regression models, having identified and adjusted for interaction effects and confounders. ¶ A total of 529 participants were eligible to participate, of which 348 (65.8%) completed all aspects of the study. Analysis was limited to the 228 participants (65.53% of those who completed the study) who had slides suitable for micronuclei scoring. One hundred and forty three (63%) of the 228 participants were from the exposed communities, while 85 (37%) were from the unexposed community. This sample exceeded the estimated 50 per group required to detect a relative risk of 1.4, with a significance level of 0.05 and 80% power. ¶ External dose for total THM for the two chlorinated (exposed) communities ranged from 37.75 to 157.25 mg/l. Intake dose estimated by fluid intake diary ranged from 2.9 to 469.5 mg/l, while a retrospective questionnaire estimated intake dose to range from 0 to 409.4 mg/l. Internal dose (urine levels) of total THM for the same two communities ranged from 0 to 6.82 mg/l. Adjusted risk estimate for DNA damage to bladder cells (using the micronuclei assay) when total THM was assessed by available dose was 1.0002 (0.997 to 1.003), by intake dose estimated by fluid intake diary was 1.0001 (0.998 to 1.002), by intake dose estimated by questionnaire was 1.001 (0.999 to 1.003), and by internal dose was 1.05 (0.89 to 1.24). Using DNA index from flow cytometry as the outcome measure also did not identify significant associations, except when exposure was assessed as available dose of total THM (RR=1.0042; 1.0003 to 1.0081). ¶ The results suggest that THM levels are not significantly associated with DNA damage to bladder cell. This supports suggestions of THMs being non-genotoxic. Further work is required to assess the relationship between THM and the more mutagenic compounds, and to assess the carcinogenicity of the more mutagenic compounds at concentrations occurring in drinking water.

Soluble surimi wash water (SWW) proteins could be recovered using chitosan (Chi) complexed with alginate (Chi-Alg) generating co-products for feed formulations. Chi with a degree of deacetylation (DD) of 84% complexed with Alg at a mixing ratio (MR) of 0.2 was used to study Chi-Alg concentration and treatment time protein recovery effects. Insoluble SWW solids were removed by centrifugation and the supernatant was then adjusted to pH 6. Flocculation at 20��C using Chi-Alg at 20, 40, 100 and 150 mg/L SWW was aided by 5 mm agitation and holding for 30 mm, 1h and 24h. Concentration had an effect between low (20 and 40 mg/L) and high (100 and 150 mg/L) levels. Time had an effect between 30 min and 1h but not between 1 and 24 h. Turbidity reduction was affected only by concentration. 100 mg Chi-Alg/L SWW for 1 h achieved 83% protein adsorption and 97% turbidity reduction while lower concentrations yielding higher adsorption required longer times. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis of untreated and Chi-Alg treated SWW solids confirmed protein adsorption. Amide band areas normalized against a common 3005-2880 cm����� region confirmed the high protein recovery by 100 mg Chi-Alg/L SWW. Six Chi samples differing in molecular weight (MW) and degree of deacetylation (DD) were tested to recover soluble SWW solids using 20, 40, and 100 mg Chi-Alg/L SWW (0.2 MR, 1h). High (94%, 93%) and low (75%) DD chitosan had lower protein adsorption (73-75%) when compared to the intermediate (84%) DD chitosan (74-83%). Intermediate DD and high MW Chi seemed to perform better; however, SY-1000 with 94% DD did not follow this trend (79-86% protein adsorption, 85-92% turbidity reduction). Insoluble SWW (P1) and soluble solids (P2) recovered using 150 mg Chi- Alg/L SWW contained 61.4 and 73.1% protein, respectively. Rat diets formulated with 10% protein substitution by P1 and 10% and 15% by P2 had acceptability and protein efficiency ratios (PER) as high as the casein control with no deleterious effects. Rat diets with 100% P2 protein substitution showed higher PER and net protein ratio than the casein control with no deleterious effects. Protein recovered from SWW using Chi-Alg has the potential to be used in commercial feed formulations. / Graduation date: 2004

Graduation date: 1998

Laminar entrained flow reactor (LEFR) was used to determine the effect of temperature and residence time on the distribution of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen between gaseous and condensed phase products from low temperature pyrolysis of kraft black liquor. The operating furnace temperatures were between 400��C-600��C where the effect of condensable organic and organic sulfur compounds may be important. The residence times ranged from 0.3 to 2.0 seconds. In the evolution of carbon as gases, an oxidizer was used to convert all oxidizable components in LEFR effluent gas to carbon dioxide which was detected by an infrared carbon dioxide meter. With this, measurement of total carbon in the gas phase, the fine particles, and the char residue were made. The carbon yield in the gas phase increased as residence time increased. The higher the temperature, the higher the carbon yield as gases phase at each residence time. The carbon yield in the fine particles differed very little with temperature at residence time below 1.1 seconds. At higher temperature, the carbon yield in the fine particles is about the same at 500��C and 600��C, but lower at 400��C. The carbon yield in the char residue decreased as residence time increased. The carbon yield in the char residue at 500��C and residence time above 1.1 seconds was a little lower than at temperature 600��C, due to an apparent loss of char at 500��C. The char yield at 500��C was lower than expected based on the 400��C and 600��C data because of accumulation of larger, more highly swollen char particles at the tip of collector at this temperature. The average of the sum of carbon recovered as char residue, gases, and fine particles was 96.2% at 600��C, 88.1% at 500��C, and 95.7% at 400��C. The main reason for the poorer carbon recovery at 500��C was the loss of char particles which accumulated on the tip of the collector. When the char yield at 500��C is increased so that the carbon balance closed to 96%, the char yield, carbon yield, and sulfur yield at 500��C fell between the values at 400��C and 600��C. The sulfur yield in the char residue decreased as residence time increased. The higher the temperature, the lower the sulfur yield in the char residue. The nitrogen yield in the char residue also decreased as residence time increased. / Graduation date: 1997

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 prohibits the discharge of seafood processing solid wastes into navigable waters after July 1, 1977. Oregon shrimp and crab processors must use other methods of disposal for the 15 to 30 million pounds of solid waste generated annually. The application of shrimp and crab wastes to nearby agricultural land can consume the wastes generated at major processing ports. As they came from the processing plant, shrimp and crab solid wastes contained 1.3% to 1.6% N, 0.47% to 0.54% P, other nutrients, 7% to 14% CaCO��� equivalent, and 64% to 78% water. A greenhouse experiment was established to determine the effects of 1) grinding the wastes, 2) surface vs. incorporated waste applications, and 3) waste applications vs. inorganic N applied at equivalent N rates (56, 168, and 336 kg N/ha) with applications of P, S, and lime supplied with the inorganic N only. The fertilizer materials were applied on two coastal soils, and two pasture crops were grown. Forage yields and the P concentration in 'Potomac' orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were significantly higher with incorporated waste applications than with surface waste applications. Application method did not affect the P concentration in New Zealand white clover (Trifolium repens L. ). The difference in crop response between application methods would assumably be less under field conditions than was measured in the greenhouse. Grinding crab waste significantly increased forage yields when the waste was surface applied, but not when incorporated with the soil. Unground shrimp waste gave significantly higher forage yields than ground shrimp waste. No significant difference occurred in the forage yields, the N uptake by orchardgrass, or the P concentrations in orchardgrass and white clover among applications of shrimp waste, crab waste, and inorganic nutrients with lime. Applications of shrimp and crab wastes increased white clover yields over the control by a factor of more than 3.5 on Knappa silt loam (pH 4.9 - 5.0) but did not measurably increase the soil pH. It was assumed that the wastes, in the immediate area of the shell material, increased the availability of Ca, P, S, and Mo, decreased soluble soil Al, and allowed effective rhizobial nodulation and N fixation. Increasing application rates of shrimp and crab wastes to Knappa and Nehalem silt loams significantly increased the extractable soil P and Ca, and significantly decreased the extractable soil K after 28 weeks of orchardgrass growth. No consistent effect on soil pH was measured. In a second greenhouse experiment, N rates of 165 and 330 kg/ha and P rates of 61 and 122 kg/ha were supplied by shrimp waste and by inorganic sources to a limed coastal soil in a 2 x 2 x 2 complete factorial arrangement. Applications of shrimp waste resulted in significantly higher orchardgrass yields and P uptake than applications of the inorganic nutrients, but no significant difference occurred in the N uptake. In an irrigated coastal pasture, fresh shrimp waste was applied at 6,726, 17,936, and 35,872 kg/ha and ammonium phosphate (16-20-0 15 S) was applied at 224 and 448 kg/ha and a stand of orchardgrass was established. Forage yields were higher with shrimp waste than with ammonium phosphate. Shrimp waste applications beyond 17,936 kg/ha did not further increase the forage yield or P uptake. Shrimp waste applications increased extractable soil P, SO��� -S, soluble salts, and NO��� -N, but resulted in a depletion of soil K when measured at the end of the growing season. Shrimp and crab processing wastes are effective sources of N and P for crop plants and should be applied at rates necessary to supply the recommended rates of N. / Graduation date: 1978

By-catch and wastes from processed fish and shrimp constitute a sizeable portion of commercial fishery landings. This discarded material is potentially valuable, for its content of fish meals and other substances. Fish meals, in particular, are increasingly in short supply for the manufacture of animal feeds, including feeds for farmed fish. Therefore, in this study, various by-catch and by-product meals of marine origin were evaluated with red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), a carnivorous fish species native to the Gulf of Mexico that has been cultured over the past two decades for stock enhancement as well as for food. Four different kinds of by-catch or by-product meals [shrimp by-catch meal, shrimp processing waste meal, red salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) head meal, and Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus) meal] were substituted for Special Select™ menhaden fish meal at two different levels (33% or 67% of crude protein) in prepared diets for red drum. Another treatment consisted of shrimp processing waste meal formulated on a digestible-protein basis to replace 33% of the protein from menhaden fish meal. Levels of calcium carbonate were reduced in two additional diets containing Pacific whiting, to evaluate the effects of ash content. Diets were formulated to contain 40% crude protein, 12% lipid, and 3.5 kcal digestible energy/g. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile red drum in 38-l aquaria containing brackish water (7 ± 1 ppt) in two separate 6-week feeding trials. Survival, weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and body composition responses were measured in each trial. Fish fed the by-catch meal at either level of substitution performed as well as fish fed the control diet containing protein solely from menhaden fish meal; whereas, fish fed the shrimp processing waste meal diets did significantly (P ≤ 0.05) worse than the controls, even when fed a diet formulated to be equivalent on a digestible-protein basis. Fish fed the red salmon head meal diet fared poorly, probably owing to an excessive amount of lipid in the diet that tended to become rancid. Overall, by-catch meal associated with shrimp trawling appears to be a very suitable protein feedstuff for red drum.

By-catch and wastes from processed fish and shrimp constitute a sizeable portion of commercial fishery landings. This discarded material is potentially valuable, for its content of fish meals and other substances. Fish meals, in particular, are increasingly in short supply for the manufacture of animal feeds, including feeds for farmed fish. Therefore, in this study, various by-catch and by-product meals of marine origin were evaluated with red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), a carnivorous fish species native to the Gulf of Mexico that has been cultured over the past two decades for stock enhancement as well as for food. Four different kinds of by-catch or by-product meals [shrimp by-catch meal, shrimp processing waste meal, red salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) head meal, and Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus) meal] were substituted for Special Select™ menhaden fish meal at two different levels (33% or 67% of crude protein) in prepared diets for red drum. Another treatment consisted of shrimp processing waste meal formulated on a digestible-protein basis to replace 33% of the protein from menhaden fish meal. Levels of calcium carbonate were reduced in two additional diets containing Pacific whiting, to evaluate the effects of ash content. Diets were formulated to contain 40% crude protein, 12% lipid, and 3.5 kcal digestible energy/g. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile red drum in 38-l aquaria containing brackish water (7 ± 1 ppt) in two separate 6-week feeding trials. Survival, weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and body composition responses were measured in each trial. Fish fed the by-catch meal at either level of substitution performed as well as fish fed the control diet containing protein solely from menhaden fish meal; whereas, fish fed the shrimp processing waste meal diets did significantly (P ≤ 0.05) worse than the controls, even when fed a diet formulated to be equivalent on a digestible-protein basis. Fish fed the red salmon head meal diet fared poorly, probably owing to an excessive amount of lipid in the diet that tended to become rancid. Overall, by-catch meal associated with shrimp trawling appears to be a very suitable protein feedstuff for red drum.