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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Uso de t?cnicas de otimiza??o baseadas em derivadas como suporte do planejamento operacional de redes de distribui??o de energia el?trica

Pimentel Filho, Max Chianca 21 October 2005 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:54:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MaxCPF.pdf: 2292044 bytes, checksum: 061617ed85fc5d1b1a73b816f160aedb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-10-21 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The usual programs for load flow calculation were in general developped aiming the simulation of electric energy transmission, subtransmission and distribution systems. However, the mathematical methods and algorithms used by the formulations were based, in majority, just on the characteristics of the transmittion systems, which were the main concern focus of engineers and researchers. Though, the physical characteristics of these systems are quite different from the distribution ones. In the transmission systems, the voltage levels are high and the lines are generally very long. These aspects contribute the capacitive and inductive effects that appear in the system to have a considerable influence in the values of the interest quantities, reason why they should be taken into consideration. Still in the transmission systems, the loads have a macro nature, as for example, cities, neiborhoods, or big industries. These loads are, generally, practically balanced, what reduces the necessity of utilization of three-phase methodology for the load flow calculation. Distribution systems, on the other hand, present different characteristics: the voltage levels are small in comparison to the transmission ones. This almost annul the capacitive effects of the lines. The loads are, in this case, transformers, in whose secondaries are connected small consumers, in a sort of times, mono-phase ones, so that the probability of finding an unbalanced circuit is high. This way, the utilization of three-phase methodologies assumes an important dimension. Besides, equipments like voltage regulators, that use simultaneously the concepts of phase and line voltage in their functioning, need a three-phase methodology, in order to allow the simulation of their real behavior. For the exposed reasons, initially was developped, in the scope of this work, a method for three-phase load flow calculation in order to simulate the steady-state behaviour of distribution systems. Aiming to achieve this goal, the Power Summation Algorithm was used, as a base for developing the three phase method. This algorithm was already widely tested and approved by researchers and engineers in the simulation of radial electric energy distribution systems, mainly for single-phase representation. By our formulation, lines are modeled in three-phase circuits, considering the magnetic coupling between the phases; but the earth effect is considered through the Carson reduction. It s important to point out that, in spite of the loads being normally connected to the transformer s secondaries, was considered the hypothesis of existence of star or delta loads connected to the primary circuit. To perform the simulation of voltage regulators, a new model was utilized, allowing the simulation of various types of configurations, according to their real functioning. Finally, was considered the possibility of representation of switches with current measuring in various points of the feeder. The loads are adjusted during the iteractive process, in order to match the current in each switch, converging to the measured value specified by the input data. In a second stage of the work, sensibility parameters were derived taking as base the described load flow, with the objective of suporting further optimization processes. This parameters are found by calculating of the partial derivatives of a variable in respect to another, in general, voltages, losses and reactive powers. After describing the calculation of the sensibility parameters, the Gradient Method was presented, using these parameters to optimize an objective function, that will be defined for each type of study. The first one refers to the reduction of technical losses in a medium voltage feeder, through the installation of capacitor banks; the second one refers to the problem of correction of voltage profile, through the instalation of capacitor banks or voltage regulators. In case of the losses reduction will be considered, as objective function, the sum of the losses in all the parts of the system. To the correction of the voltage profile, the objective function will be the sum of the square voltage deviations in each node, in respect to the rated voltage. In the end of the work, results of application of the described methods in some feeders are presented, aiming to give insight about their performance and acuity / Os programas desenvolvidos para o c?lculo de fluxo de carga sempre foram amplamente utilizados objetivando simular sistemas de transmiss?o, subtransmiss?o e distribui??o de energia el?trica. Entretanto, os m?todos matem?ticos aplicados para esse c?lculo estruturavam-se, em sua maioria, tomando como base apenas as caracter?sticas dos sistemas de transmiss?o, os quais eram o principal foco de preocupa??o dos engenheiros e pesquisadores. Todavia, as caracter?sticas f?sicas desses sistemas s?o bastante diferentes da realidade dos de distribui??o. Nos sistemas de transmiss?o, os n?veis de tens?o s?o altos e as linhas s?o geralmente muito longas. Esses fatores contribuem para que os efeitos capacitivos e indutivos que aparecem nos sistemas passem a ter uma influ?ncia consider?vel nos valores das grandezas de interesse, raz?o por que devem ser considerados. Ainda nos sistemas de transmiss?o, as cargas s?o de natureza macro, a exemplo de cidades, bairros, ou grandes ind?strias ou consumidores. Tais cargas s?o, em geral, praticamente equilibradas, o que reduz a necessidade de utiliza??o de metodologias trif?sicas para o c?lculo do fluxo. Os sistemas de distribui??o, por sua vez, pressup?em outras implica??es, apesar de os n?veis de tens?o serem pequenos em compara??o aos de transmiss?o, o que praticamente anula o efeito capacitivo das linhas. Como as cargas passam a ser, neste caso, transformadores, em cujos secund?rios est?o conectados pequenos consumidores, muitas vezes, monof?sicos, a possibilidade de se encontrar um circuito desbalanceado ? grande. Portanto, face a tal possibilidade, a utiliza??o de metodologias trif?sicas assume uma dimens?o importante. Al?m disso, equipamentos como reguladores de tens?o, para cujo funcionamento utilizam simultaneamente o conceito de tens?o de fase e de linha, necessitam de uma metodologia trif?sica, para que seu modelo permita simula??o em tempo real. Pelas raz?es expostas, o trabalho apresenta um m?todo de c?lculo de fluxo de carga trif?sico para sistemas de distribui??o de energia. No intuito de realizar tal tarefa, foi utilizado como base o m?todo Soma de Pot?ncias, j? bastante testado e aprovado na simula??o de sistemas radiais de distribui??o de energia el?trica. As linhas s?o a tr?s fios, considerando-se o acoplamento magn?tico entre as fases; j? o efeito da terra foi considerado atrav?s da corre??o de Carson. ? interessante ressaltar que, apesar de as cargas estarem normalmente conectadas nos secund?rios dos transformadores, foi considerada, al?m dessa possibilidade, a hip?tese da exist?ncia de cargas em estrela ou delta no circuito prim?rio. J? para a simula??o de reguladores de tens?o, foi utilizado um novo modelo que permite a simula??o dos v?rios tipos de configura??es, de acordo com o seu funcionamento real. Por fim, tamb?m foi considerada a possibilidade da representa??o com chaves de medi??o de corrente em diversos pontos do alimentador. As cargas s?o ajustadas, durante o processo iterativo, de maneira que a corrente em cada chave convirja para o valor especificado nos dados de entrada. Em uma segunda etapa, tomando como base o fluxo de carga descrito, o trabalho apresenta um m?todo de c?lculo para os par?metros de sensibilidade, com o objetivo de serem aplicados em processos de otimiza??o. Esses par?metros s?o encontrados atrav?s do c?lculo da derivada parcial de uma vari?vel com rela??o a uma outra, determinando a taxa de varia??o entre elas. Ap?s a descri??o de c?lculo dos par?metros de sensibilidade, apresenta-se o m?todo do gradiente, que usa esses par?metros para determinar o ponto ?timo de uma fun??o objetivo, que ser? definida para cada tipo de estudo. Neste trabalho s?o abordados dois tipos de problema. O primeiro refere-se ? redu??o das perdas t?cnicas em um alimentador de m?dia tens?o, atrav?s da instala??o de bancos de capacitores; o segundo trata do problema da corre??o do perfil de tens?o, atrav?s da instala??o de bancos de capacitores ou de reguladores de tens?o. No caso da redu??o das perdas ser? considerada, como fun??o objetivo, a soma das perdas em todos os trechos do sistema. J? para a corre??o do perfil de tens?o, a fun??o objetivo ser? a soma do quadrado dos desvios de tens?o em cada n?, com rela??o ? tens?o requerida. No final do trabalho, os m?todos descritos foram aplicados em alguns alimentadores com a finalidade de testar o seu desempenho e precis?o

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