TRIPS strengthened international patent protection, particularly in relation to pharmaceutical patents. A compulsory license mechanism is one of the exceptions from patent protection available under TRIPS. This mechanism applies mainly to domestic market supply. Underdeveloped countries with insufficient pharmaceutical manufacturing capacities are unable to use this exception to import medicines in public health emergencies. To resolve this problem, the WTO General Council’s decision allows the export of generic versions of patented drugs under certain conditions. Canada’s Bill C-9 was the first statute to implement the decision. Bill C-9 bears both humanitarian and TRIPS-like provisions. The role of the Government is unjustifiably limited to participation in administrative and legislative processes, while the main operators in the scheme are the generic manufacturer and partly, the patent holder. This thesis proposes several different models to transform the Bill into a workable system for the export of drugs to underdeveloped countries afflicted with pandemics. / October 2006

TRIPS strengthened international patent protection, particularly in relation to pharmaceutical patents. A compulsory license mechanism is one of the exceptions from patent protection available under TRIPS. This mechanism applies mainly to domestic market supply. Underdeveloped countries with insufficient pharmaceutical manufacturing capacities are unable to use this exception to import medicines in public health emergencies. To resolve this problem, the WTO General Council’s decision allows the export of generic versions of patented drugs under certain conditions. Canada’s Bill C-9 was the first statute to implement the decision. Bill C-9 bears both humanitarian and TRIPS-like provisions. The role of the Government is unjustifiably limited to participation in administrative and legislative processes, while the main operators in the scheme are the generic manufacturer and partly, the patent holder. This thesis proposes several different models to transform the Bill into a workable system for the export of drugs to underdeveloped countries afflicted with pandemics.

TRIPS strengthened international patent protection, particularly in relation to pharmaceutical patents. A compulsory license mechanism is one of the exceptions from patent protection available under TRIPS. This mechanism applies mainly to domestic market supply. Underdeveloped countries with insufficient pharmaceutical manufacturing capacities are unable to use this exception to import medicines in public health emergencies. To resolve this problem, the WTO General Council’s decision allows the export of generic versions of patented drugs under certain conditions. Canada’s Bill C-9 was the first statute to implement the decision. Bill C-9 bears both humanitarian and TRIPS-like provisions. The role of the Government is unjustifiably limited to participation in administrative and legislative processes, while the main operators in the scheme are the generic manufacturer and partly, the patent holder. This thesis proposes several different models to transform the Bill into a workable system for the export of drugs to underdeveloped countries afflicted with pandemics.

Ayant été au pouvoir pendant près de 10 ans, les années conservatrices se distinguent par leur engagement clair pour une justice plus répressive. Selon ces derniers, ce sont les attentes du public canadien qui justifient ces mesures. Qu’en est il vraiment de l’opinion publique canadienne? À partir du cadre conceptuel de la rationalité pénale moderne (RPM), cette étude vise à observer et décrire la diversité des opinions présentes dans les mémoires soumis au Comité permanent de la justice et des droits de la personne (CPJDP), lors de l’étude des projets de loi C-9 (Loi modifiant le Code criminel (emprisonnement avec sursis)) et C-10 (Loi sur la sécurité des rues et des communautés). Par l’analyse de contenu, les 71 mémoires ont été codifiés pour faire ressortir les idées associées à la RPM et celles qui présentent des innovations cognitives. Les opinions émises dans ces mémoires peuvent être classées dans trois grandes catégories. Tout d’abord, nous retrouvons les opinions de groupes appuyant le durcissement législatif proposé dans les projets de loi, à l’aide de théories de la peine et de principes reliés à la RPM. Ensuite, un deuxième groupe d’opinions émergeant des mémoires se positionne en défaveur des projets de loi, sans toutefois délaisser les principes d’exclusion et d’affliction au fondement de la RPM. Finalement, certains acteurs sociaux parviennent à sortir du cadre conceptual de la RPM pour innover et proposer des modes d’intervention alternatifs aux peines afflictives.