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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Transcriptional control of muscle cell excitation-contraction coupling:the role of activity and mitochondrial function

Hänninen, S. L. (Sandra Lynn) 04 June 2019 (has links)
Abstract Cardiac and skeletal muscle cell contraction is a result of excitation-contraction coupling (ECC), where an electrical signal leads to a rise in intracellular calcium levels and contraction. This process is carefully regulated to meet physiological demand and heavily dependent on an adequate energy supply. Disturbed ECC can have severe consequences on muscle cell function and underlies many cardiac and skeletal muscle pathologies. Cell stress, changing intracellular Ca2+ concentrations, and calcium signal dynamics can all play a role in the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in myocyte Ca2+-handling. In this thesis project, the transcriptional control of ECC was studied in skeletal and cardiac myocytes. Skeletal myocyte calsequestrin (CASQ1) was downregulated in a mouse model of mitochondrial myopathy and it contributed to the decreased SR Ca2+ load and impaired Ca2+ handling in Tfam-/- skeletal myocytes. In cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes, mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction led to downregulation of cardiac calsequestrin (CASQ2) and similarly impaired Ca2+ handling. Whereas there was no increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in Tfam-/- myocytes, cultured cells exposed to FCCP did display increased ROS, an effect that was counteracted by coexposure with the ROS scavenger (NAC). NAC attenuated FCCP-induced CASQ2 downregulation and restored Ca2+ handling. Therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction led to CASQ1/2 downregulation and impaired Ca2+ handling in these two cell types, but by different mechanisms. This project also looked at the role of Ca2+ dynamics on the transcriptional regulation of Ca2+ handling genes. Increased intracellular Ca2+ levels and β-adrenergic stimulation of cardiomyocytes activate Ca2+-calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) and can trigger hypertrophic remodeling. It was found that CaMKII downregulated expression of the L-type Ca2+ channel α1c-subunit (Cacna1c) in cultured cardiomyocytes. Analysis of the Cacna1c promoter revealed that the transcriptional repressor DREAM bound to a putative downstream regulatory element. The results shed light on the complex interplay between muscle cell energetics and transcriptional regulation of SR Ca2+ handling proteins. A unique pathway for Cacna1c transcriptional regulation by CaMKII and DREAM was also described. / Tiivistelmä Sydän- ja luustolihassolujen supistuminen on seurausta ärsytys-supistuskytkennästä (ECC), jossa sähköinen ärsytys kohottaa solunsisäistä kalsiumpitoisuutta ja aiheuttaa supistuksen. Tätä säädellään tarkasti fysiologisen tarpeen mukaan, ja se riippuu riittävästä energian saannista. Häiriintynyt ECC voi aiheuttaa vakavia seurauksia lihassolujen toiminnalle, ja se on mukana monien sydän- ja luustolihasten sairauksien synnyssä. Tässä tutkimuksessa ECC:n transkriptionaalista säätelyä tutkittiin luustolihasten ja sydämen lihassoluissa. Luustolihassolujen kalsekvestriinin (CASQ1) väheneminen pienensi SR:n Ca2+-määrää mitokondrioiden myopatian hiirimallissa ja heikensi Ca2+-tasapainon ylläpitoa Tfam-/--luustolihassoluissa. Viljellyissä vastasyntyneiden kammio-sydänlihassoluissa mitokondrio-irtikytkijän FCCP:n aiheuttama mitokondrioiden toimintahäiriö johti sydämen kalsekvestriinin (CASQ2) vähenemiseen ja heikensi samalla tavalla Ca2+-tasapainon ylläpitoa. Vaikka Tfam-/--myosyyteissä reaktiivisten happilajien (ROS) tasot eivät olleet koholla, FCCP:lle altistetuissa viljellyissä soluissa ROS kuitenkin lisääntyi. Vaikutusta esti ROS-puhdistaja NAC, joka heikensi FCCP:n aiheuttamaa CASQ2:n laskua ja palautti Ca2+-säätelyn normaaliksi. Mitokondrioiden toimintahäiriö siis johti CASQ1/2:n vähenemiseen ja Ca2+-säätelyn heikentymiseen molemmissa solutyypeissä, mutta eri mekanismeilla. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin myös Ca2+-dynamiikan osuutta Ca2+-tasapainoon osallistuvien geenien transkription säätelyssä. Lisääntynyt solunsisäinen Ca2+-taso ja sydänlihassolujen β-adrenerginen stimulointi aktivoivat Ca2+-kalmoduliinikinaasi II:n (CaMKII), ja ne voivat laukaista sydämen hypertrofisen uudelleenmuovautumisen. Havaittiin, että CaMKII vähensi L-tyypin Ca2+-kanavan a1c-alayksikön (Cacna1c) ilmentymistä viljellyissä sydänlihassoluissa. Promoottorianalyysi osoitti tämän johtuvan transkription repressorin DREAM:n sitoutumisesta oletettuun DRE:hen (alavirrassa sijaitseva säätelyelementti). Nämä tulokset tuovat uutta tietoa lihassolujen energiatalouden ja SR:n Ca2+:n vaikuttavien proteiinien transkription säätelyn vuorovaikutuksesta. Lisäksi havaittiin ainutlaatuinen Cacna1c-transkription säätelyn reitti, johon osallistuvat CaMKII ja DREAM.
2

Replicated Risk Variants for Major Psychiatric Disorders May Serve as Potential Therapeutic Targets for the Shared Depressive Endophenotype

Guo, Xiaoyun, Fu, Yingmei, Zhang, Yong, Wang, Tong, Lu, Lu, Luo, Xingqun, Wang, Kesheng, Huang, Juncao, Xie, Ting, Zheng, Chengchou, Yang, Kebing, Tong, Jinghui, Zuo, Lingjun, Kang, Longli, Tan, Yunlong, Jiang, Kaida, Li, Chiang-Shan R. 01 January 2020 (has links)
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have reported numerous associations between risk variants and major psychiatric disorders (MPDs) including schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BPD), major depressive disorder (MDD) and others. We reviewed all of the published GWASs, and extracted the genome-wide significant (p<10) and replicated associations between risk SNPs and MPDs. We found the associations of 6 variants located in 6 genes, including L type voltage-gated calcium channel (LTCCs) subunit alpha1 C gene (), that were genome-wide significant ( ) and replicated at single-point level across at least two GWASs. Among them, the associations between MPDs and rs1006737 within are most robust. Thus, as a next step, the expression of the replicated risk genes in human hippocampus was analyzed. We found had significant mRNA expression in human hippocampus in two independent cohorts. Finally, we tried to elucidate the roles of venlafaxine and ω-3 PUFAs in the mRNA expression regulation of the replicated risk genes in hippocampus. We used cDNA chip-based microarray profiling to explore the transcriptome-wide mRNA expression regulation by ω-3 PUFAs (0.72/kg/d) and venlafaxine (0.25/kg/d) treatment in chronic mild stress (CMS) rats. ω-3 PUFAs and venlafaxine treatment elicited significant up-regulation. We concluded that might confer the genetic vulnerability to the shared depressive symptoms across MPDs and CACNA1C might be the therapeutic target for depressive endophenotype as well.

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