A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Architecture and Planning, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2017 / Cemeteries consume vast amounts of land and contest with other land uses deemed more urgent; yet they are rarely addressed in international policy dialogues. They are generally not viewed as part of the open-space system and are mostly mono-functional. Resilience thinking has become an important discourse influencing the way in which urban policy and planning is conceptualised. There is potential to use these ideas to further develop the new approaches to cemetery provision, which are influenced by the application of sustainability concepts, and see them as part of green infrastructure. However, resilience thinking needs to go beyond technical solutions to consider local institutional and socio-cultural contexts that affect their application. South African apartheid policies facilitated segregation that resulted in unsustainable approaches to cemetery planning and provision. New approaches that engage sustainability perspectives are being explored. This research explores the experience of implementing these approaches in the Johannesburg context, and what it might mean to reconceptualise cemetery planning further through a social-ecological resilience lens. This is achieved by establishing the relationship of cemeteries to social-ecological systems; investigating how the current design and provision of cemeteries can be reconceptualised in the context of resilience thinking; understanding whether newer cemetery planning approaches and designs adequately meet needs of users, and whether they would be willing to accept new ways of interment, and identifying barriers that would prevent the uptake of approaches that are consistent with resilience thinking. The study employs a case-study methodology focusing on a primary case - Waterval Cemetery, to understand the applicability of resilience thinking in cemetery planning in South Africa. Through engagements with key respondents in the municipality, interviews and focus groups with cemetery users, it seeks diverse participants’ perceptions of newer cemetery planning approaches, and alternatives to conventional burial. A secondary case examines Diepsloot Memorial Park, which integrates more innovative elements. Results show that the application of resilience in cemetery planning requires a strong understanding of local socio-cultural contexts. Although the idea of cemeteries contributing to the resilience of cities is conceivable, it could take longer for transformation to happen and for innovative ideas to be fully accepted. / MT 2018

Este projeto tem como objetivo o estudo das práticas fúnebres paulistanas e sua evolução ao longo do século XIX, período marcado por uma intensa secularização da sociedade. Novas ideias, formas de divertimento e de associação aportavam na cidade e gradativamente modificavam as tradições e costumes dos paulistanos, processo que atingiu igualmente a forma como se lidava com o sagrado e com a morte. Através dos debates acerca da construção de um cemitério público em São Paulo, buscamos entender como se deu a crítica aos costumes tradicionais na cidade, quais eram as forças motoras dessas transformações e quais as resistências impostas pela população. Antes entendidos como um dos pilares da Boa Morte cristã, uma garantia no caminho da salvação das almas, os enterros dentro das igrejas foram questionados durante o século XIX por médicos e legisladores que defendiam serem eles prejudiciais à saúde pública. As mudanças, no entanto, não foram recebidas passivamente pela população. Foram quase 30 anos de debates e tentativas frustradas, e, mesmo com a inauguração do cemitério da Consolação em 1858, as críticas não cessaram. / This project wants to comprehend the burial practices in Sao Paulo and its evolution throughout the nineteenth century, a period marked by intense secularization of São Paulo´s society. New ideas, entertainment´s and association´s forms landed in the city and gradually modified its traditions and customs, a process that also affected the way people dealt with the sacred and with death. Through the discussions about the construction of a public cemetery in São Paulo, we seek to understand how the critic of the traditional customs happened in the city, its driving forces and resistances. Understood as one guarantee on the path of salvation of souls, the burials within churches were questioned during the nineteenth century by doctors and politicians who argued they were harmful to public health. The changes, however, weren´t passively received by the population. It took nearly 30 years in debates and failed attempts, and even with the opening of Consolação cemetery in 1858, the critics haven´t ceased.

Orientador: Walter Malagutti Junior / Resumo: Os cemitérios atualmente são considerados como potenciais fontes de contaminação, principalmente para as águas subterrâneas. Isso é devido ao líquido produzido durante a decomposição dos cadáveres, denominado necrochorume. Este trabalho investigou uma possível contaminação por necrochorume no subssolo do cemitério da Saudade situado no município de Monte Alto – São Paulo, Brasil. Assim foi aplicado o método da eletrorresistividade, técnica de imageamento elétrico, utilizando três tipos clássicos de arranjos: wernner, schlumberger e dipolo-dipolo. Com o intuito de também comparar os resultados gerados por cada tipo de arranjo. A técnica da sondagem elétrica vertical (SEV) foi utilizada para se indicar a profundidade do nível freático e o fluxo subterrâneo, que foram de 10 m e sentido SW respectivamente. Além da aplicação desses métodos geofísicos, foi realizada uma pesquisa documental nos registros de sepultamentos do cemitério. Obtendo-se um mapa que indica as quadras com maiores números de sepultamentos do cemitério. As seções (2D) resultantes das linhas de imageamento elétrico dos três tipos de arranjo, são muito semelhantes, com algumas poucas diferenças significativas para o arranjo dipolo-dipolo, principalmente em níveis mais profundos. As seções confirmam a presença de áreas de baixa resistividade que contrastam com o restante do meio, indicando possíveis alterações do meio físico causadas pelo necro-chorume. Para visualização em 3D e em mapa, foram confeccionados mapas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Actually, cemeteries are considered as potential sources of contamination, especially for underground water. This is due to the liquid produced during the decomposition of the corpses, called necrochorume. This work investigated a possible contamination by necro-manure in the subsoil of the Saudade cemetery located in the city of Monte Alto - São Paulo, Brazil. Thus, the method of electro resistivity was applied (eletric resistivity tomography), using three classical types of arrays: wernner, schlumberger and dipole-dipole. In order to also compare the results generated by each type of array. The technique of vertical electric sounding (SEV) was used to indicate the depth of the groundwater and the underground flow, which were 10 m and SW direction respectively. In addition to the application of these geophysical methods, a documentary research was carried out in the book records of the cemetery. Obtaining a map that indicates the blocks with greater numbers of burials of the cemetery. The sections (2D) resulting from the electric resistivity tomography, of the three types of arrays, are very similar, with a few significant differences for the dipole-dipole array, especially at deep levels. The sections confirm the presence of areas of low resistivity that contrast with the rest of environment, indicating possible changes in the physical environment caused by the necro-manure. For 3D and map visualization, maps of various levels of depth were made for the results of each arra... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

<p>This thesis is aiming to describe and understand the access to and evolvement of necral land (burial and crematory grounds) in Dar es Salaam, the largest city in Tanzania and one of the most rapid growing cities in Africa. The study is based on field work conducted in Kinondoni District during the spring of 2010. It could partly be described as intensive research, because it is done like a pioneer study, trying to describe and understand a phenomena; not so much trying to find out how widespread the phenomena is. The data was primarily produced through interviews with persons representing different actors. The result from the field study is that even if there are differences in costs and needs for permits to access the land, it seems like there are ways for everyone to bury or cremate a dead body. One common way of manage costs is to collect financial contributions from friends, family and neighbours. The problem however is the evolvement, where centrally located burial grounds are considered full but still used and the cemetery established by the municipality outside the centre is not used by city dwellers, because of the lack of information and the transportation cost.</p>

This thesis is aiming to describe and understand the access to and evolvement of necral land (burial and crematory grounds) in Dar es Salaam, the largest city in Tanzania and one of the most rapid growing cities in Africa. The study is based on field work conducted in Kinondoni District during the spring of 2010. It could partly be described as intensive research, because it is done like a pioneer study, trying to describe and understand a phenomena; not so much trying to find out how widespread the phenomena is. The data was primarily produced through interviews with persons representing different actors. The result from the field study is that even if there are differences in costs and needs for permits to access the land, it seems like there are ways for everyone to bury or cremate a dead body. One common way of manage costs is to collect financial contributions from friends, family and neighbours. The problem however is the evolvement, where centrally located burial grounds are considered full but still used and the cemetery established by the municipality outside the centre is not used by city dwellers, because of the lack of information and the transportation cost.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Catholic University of America, 1941. / Reproduced from type-written copy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 447-473).

Thesis (M.L.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes special study report entitled: Influence of vegetation on slope stabilization and landscape development on slope. Includes bibliographical references.

Atkins performed an archaeological relocation of a nineteenth century cemetery on behalf of Luminant Mining Company, within the Kosse Mine in Robertson County, Texas between the years of 2011 and 2012. The Head Cemetery offers unique opportunities to examine views of death and burial in rural, central Texas during the period of the early statehood until around 1900. The Head family and other members of the settlement were part of a pioneer community exhibiting clear expressions of family and community affiliations through spatiality and the material culture of burials. An analysis of coffin hardware and burial practices provides suggestions for dating and identifying unknown interments and exploring changing sentiments towards death by Anglo American settlers within the broader sociohistorical context of the nineteenth century. / text

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This dissertation argues that Venetian space in the sixteenth century was embedded with various boundaries that individuals challenged and that communities and Venetian secular and ecclesiastical authorities reinforced. The development of Venetian urban space played an essential role in the formation of Venetian civic identity, which in turn was predicated upon the myth of Venice. The time period examined includes the re-establishment of the Roman Inquisition, and the early period of the Inquisition in Venice, which were concomitant with a time of religious and social disruption. Documents of the Venetian government and contemporary diarists offer contextual evidence; however, trials before the Holy Office in Venice, particularly cases involving those accused of witchcraft, inform the greatest portion of this study. Drawing on such evidence, this dissertation challenges the argument that “Venetian” society was cohesive and well balanced. By repurposing common and sacred items to invoke supernatural entities and perform heterodox practices, those accused of witchcraft challenged the Venetian secular and ecclesiastical authorities as they created a competing vision regarding the definition of domestic sacred space. Examination of the neighborhood as a social space reveals boundaries, both real and imagined, and the challenges to the boundaries that those living on the margins of society displayed through the creation of their own communities. Finally, inhabitants’ use of public space and their movement throughout these spaces offers evidence of challenges to boundaries as well as the measures authorities took in re-establishing these boundaries. Ultimately, competing desires for belonging and legitimacy, as well as disagreements over physical, ideological, and social boundaries set Venetian inhabitants and authorities in opposition.