Facile procedures based on hyphenated ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were developed to determine conditional stability constants, speciate chromium species and investigate the reduction of Cr(VI). 1. Improvements were made to a method previously developed to determine the conditional stability constant, Kf’, and chelation number, n, using IEC-ICP-MS. This method allowed the accurate determination of the conditional stability constant of a simple system. However, the corresponding chelation number was significantly different to the expected value because the principal assumption, i.e. that the ligand was in excess, was not realized in the experimentation. Furthermore, it neglected complexes other than that formed with EDTA4-. By taking into account these factors, accurate Kf’ and n were obtained for Co-EDTA and Zn-EDTA systems. 2. A simple method was developed for chromium speciation analysis at sub-µg L-1 level in potable water by IEC-ICP-MS. Cr(VI) and Cr(III) were separated on IonPac® AG-7 guard column within 7.5 minutes using gradient elution with 0.1 M ammonium nitrate and 0.8 M nitric acid. H2 collision/reaction interface gas eliminated chlorine-based and carbon-based polyatomic interferences on Cr detection. Water samples were analyzed directly, without any pretreatment. The accuracy of the method was verified through accurate analysis of riverine water certified reference material. Limits of detection of 0.02 and 0.04 µg L-1 for Cr(VI) and Cr(III), respectively, were obtained. 3. This speciation analysis method was then used for kinetics studies of Cr(VI) reduction in acidified riverine water. Water was spiked with Cr(VI), with or without Cr(III), and evolution of each Cr species with time was monitored by speciation analysis, showing that the reduction of Cr(VI) was a pseudo first order reaction. By plotting the logarithm of the peak area ratio of the instant Cr(VI) concentration over that of the original spiking versus time, the reaction rate constant was obtained as the slope. The reduction rate increased with decreasing pH and increasing temperature. The activation energy of the reaction at pH 1.3 was calculated using an Arrhenius plot. This method offers the advantages of small sample consumption, minimal sample manipulation, and easy data interpretation. / Thesis (Ph.D, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2010-09-30 08:05:27.342

Orientador: Profa. Dra. Ivanise Gaubeur / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia/Química, 2015. / O cromo e utilizado em varias atividades industriais e com o aumento da sua presenca no ambiente se tem uma preocupacao em relacao a contaminacao ambiental e considerando que as duas principais especies do elemento quimico apresentam diferentes efeitos na saude humana e importante a realizacao da especiacao quimica. Este trabalho propoe o desenvolvimento de metodo analitico para especiacao de cromo combinada a microextracao liquido-liquido dispersiva com gota organica flutuante (DLLME-FO) e deteccao por espectrometria de absorcao atomica com chama de fonte continua com alta resolucao (HR-CS F AAS). As variaveis que afetam a complexacao (valor de pH, tipo e concentracao dos complexantes: dietilditiocarbamato de sodio (DDTC) e pirrolidinaditiocarbamato de amonio (APDC), microextracao (volume dos solventes dispersor e extrator e concentracao salina) e deteccao como a composicao da chama foram otimizadas de forma univariada e multivariada. Apos as otimizacoes foram escolhidas como melhores condicoes para complexacao, o complexante APDC (6,0x10-3 mol L-1) e valor de pH 2,0 e 7,0, para Cr(VI) e cromo total, respectivamente. E as condicoes da microextracao foram: 5%(m/v) de NaCl, 50 ¿ÊL de 1-undecanol (solvente extrator) e 300 ¿ÊL e 275 ¿ÊL de etanol (solvente dispersor). As caracteristicas analiticas obtidas foram: faixa linear de 20-100 ¿Êg L-1 para Cr(VI) e cromo total. Para o Cr(VI) foram obtidos limite de deteccao 0,35 ¿Êg L-1, coeficiente de variacao igual a 7% (n=10) e fator de enriquecimento igual a 14. Para o cromo total foram obtidos limite de deteccao 6,7 ¿Êg L-1, coeficiente de variacao igual a 18% (n=10) e fator de enriquecimento igual a 10. A exatidao foi avaliada em material de referencia certificado de agua e as concentracoes determinada e certificada foram concordantes em um nivel de confianca de 95%. O metodo foi aplicado em amostras de agua e as concentracoes de cromo encontradas estao dentro dos limites estabelecidos pelas legislacoes vigentes. / Chromium is used in various industrial activities and increasing its presence in the environment has been a concern in relation to environmental contamination and considering that the two main species of the chemical element have different effects on human health is important the realization of chemical speciation.This work proposes the development of analytical method for chromium speciation combined dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on floating organic drop (DLLME-FO) and detection by high-resolution continuum source flame atomic absorption spectrometric (HR-CS F AAS) . The variables that affect the complexation (pH, type and concentration of complexant: sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) and ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC), microextraction (volume of disperser and extractant solvents and salt concentration) and detection as the composition of the flame were optimized using univariate and multivariate analysis. After the optimizations were chosen as the best conditions for complexing the complexant APDC (6.0x10-3 mol L-1) and pH value 2.0 to 7.0 for Cr (VI) and total chromium, respectively. And the microextraction conditions were: 5% (w/v) NaCl, 50 ìL of 1- undecanol (extractant solvent) and 300 ìL of ethanol and 275 ìL (disperser solvent). The analytical characteristics were obtained: linear range of 20-100 ìg L-1 to Cr (VI) and total chromium. For the Cr (VI) was obtained limit of detection 0.35 ìg L-1, coefficient of variation 7% (n=10) and enrichment factor of 14. For the total chromium was obtained limit of detection 6.7 ìg L-1, coefficient of variation 18% (n=10) and enrichment factor of 10. The accuracy was evaluated in water certificate reference material and determined and certified concentrations were agreed at the 95% confidence level. The method was applied to water samples and chromium concentrations found are within the limits established by current legislation.