Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:08:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FabioEMR_Capa_ate_Cap3.pdf: 2956379 bytes, checksum: e1a356dd8141f0ac9ce3d477be9710dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-27 / This study has as a main objective to make a detailed stratigraphic analysis of the Aptian-Albian interval in the east part of Araripe Basin, NE of Brazil which correspond, litostratigraphically, to Rio Da Batateira, Crato, Ipubi and Romualdo formations. The stratigraphic analysis was based on three different stages, the 1D, 2D and 3D analysis; these ones were adapted to the sequence stratigraphy concepts in order to create a chronostratigraphic framework for the study area within the basin. The database used in the present study contains field and well information, wells that belong to Santana Project, carried out by the Minist?rio de Minas e Energia- DNPM- CPRM from 1977 to 1978. The analysis 1D, which was done separately for each well and outcrop allowed the recognition of 13 sedimentary facies, mainly divided based on predominant litologies and sedimentary structures. Such facies are lithologically represented by pebble, sandstones, claystones, margas and evaporates; these facies are associated in order to characterize different depositional systems, that integrate from the continental environment (fluvial system and lacustre), paralic system (delta system and lagunar) to the marine environment (shelfenvironment). The first one, the fluvial system was divided into two subtypes: meandering fluvial system, characterized by fill channel and floodplain deposits; the facies of this system are associated vertically according to the textural thinning upward cycles (dirting-up trend pattern in well logs). Lacustrine environment is mainly related with the lithotypes of the Crato Formation, it shows a good distribution within the basin, been composed by green claystone deposits and calcareous laminated. Deltaic System represented by prodelta and delta front deposits which coarsening upward tendency. Lagunar system is characterised by the presence of anhydrite and gypsum deposits besides the black claystone deposits with vegetal fragments which do not contain a fauna typically marine. The marine platform system is composed by successions of black and gray claystone with fossiliferous fauna of Dinoflagellates (Spiniferites Mantell, Subtilisphaera Jain e Subtilisphaera Millipied genre) typical of this kind of depositional system. The sedimentary facies described are vertically arranged in cycles with progradational patterns which form textural coersening upward cycles and retrogradational, represented by textural thinning dowward cycles. Based in these cycles, in their stack pattern and the vertical change between these patterns, the systems tracks and the depositional sequences were recognized. The Low System Track (LST) and High System Track (HST) are composed by cycles with progradational stack pattern, whereas the Trangessive System Track (TST) is composed by retrogradational stack pattern cycles. The 2D stratigraphic analysis was done through the carrying out of two stratigraphic sections. For the selection of the datum the deepest maximum flooding surface was chosen, inside the Sequence 1, the execution of these sections allowed to understand the behaviour of six depositional systems along the study area, which were interpreted as cycles of second order or supercycles (cycles between 3 and 10 Ma), according to the Vail, et al (1977) classification. The Sequence 1, the oldest of the six identified is composed by the low, transgressive and high systems tracks. The first two system tracks are formed exclusively by fluvial deposits of the Rio da Batateira Formation whereas the third one includes deltaic and lacustrine deposits of the Crato Formation. The sequences 2 and 3 are formed by the transgressive systems tracks (lake spreading phase) and the highstand system track (lake backward phase). The TST of these sequences are formed by lacustrine deposits whereas HST contains deltaic deposits, indicating high rates of sedimentary supply at the time of it s deposition. The sequence 4 is composed by LST, TST and HST, The TST4 shows a significant fall of the lake base level, this track was developed in conditions of low relation between the creation rate of space of accommodation and the sedimentary influx. The TST4 marks the third phase of expansion of the lacustrine system in the section after the basin?s rift, the lacustrine system established in the previous track starts a backward phase in conditions that the sedimentary supply rate exceeds the creation rate of space accommodation. The sequence 5 was developed in two different phases, the first one is related with the latest expansion stage of the lake, (TST5), the basal track of this sequence. In this phase the base level of the lake rose considerably. The second phase (related to the TST5) indicates the end of the lacustrine domain in the Araripe Basin and the change to lagunar system ant tidal flat, with great portions in the supratidal. These systems were formed by restricted lagoons, with shallow level of water and with intermittent connections with the sea. This, was the phase when the Araripe Basin recorded the most several arid conditions of the whole interval studied, Aptian Albian, conditions that allow the formation of evaporitic deposits. The sequence 6 began its deposition after a significant fall of the sea (LST6). The sequence 6 is without any doubtlessly, the sequence that has deposits that prove the effective entrance of the sea into the Araripe Basin. The TST6, end of this sequence, represents the moment which the sea reaches its maximum level during the Aptian Albian time. The stratigraphic analysis of the Aptian Albian interval made possible the understanding that the main control in the development of the depositional sequences recognized in the Araripe Basin were the variations of the local base level, which are controlled itself by the climate changes / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal realizar uma an?lise estratigr?fica detalhada do intervalo Aptiano ao Albiano na parte leste da Bacia do Araripe, NE do Brasil, o qual corresponde, litoestratigraficamente, ?s forma??es Rio da Batateira, Crato, Ipub? e Romualdo. A an?lise estratigr?fica envolveu tr?s etapas distintas, a an?lise 1D, 2D e 3D, nas quais foram adaptados os conceitos da estratigrafia de seq??ncias visando elaborar um arcabou?o de car?ter cronoestratigr?fico para a por??o estudada da bacia. Tal estudo contou com uma base de dados integrada por informa??o de campo e de po?os pertencentes ao projeto Santana, realizado pelo Minist?rio de Minas e Energia- DNPM- CPRM nos anos de 1977 e 1978. A an?lise 1D, por meio da an?lise individual de cada afloramento e po?o, permitiu o reconhecimento de 13 f?cies sedimentares, individualizadas com base principalmente nas litologias predominantes e nas estruturas sedimentares. Tais f?cies s?o representadas litologicamente por conglomerados, arenitos, pelitos, calc?rios, margas e evaporitos. As mesmas se associam de forma a caracterizar diferentes sistemas deposicionais, que integram desde o ambiente continental (sistemas fluvial e lacustre), ambiente par?lico (sistemas deltaico e lagunar) at? o ambiente marinho (sistema plataformal). O primeiro deles, o sistema fluvial, foi dividido em dois sub-tipos: o sistema fluvial meandrante, caracterizado por dep?sitos de preenchimento de canal e dep?sitos de plan?cie de inunda??o, e o sistema fluvial entrela?ado formado principalmente por dep?sitos de preenchimento de canal; as f?cies deste sistema se associam verticalmente segundo ciclos de afinamento textural para o topo (padr?o em sino nos perfis geof?sicos). O sistema lacustre, relacionado principalmente aos lit?tipos da Forma??o Crato, apresenta uma boa distribui??o na bacia, sendo composto por dep?sitos de pelitos verdes e calc?rios laminados. O sistema deltaico, representado por dep?sitos de prodelta e de frente deltaica, os quais se disp?em verticalmente em ciclos com granocresc?ncia para o topo (padr?o em sino invertido nos perfis geof?sicos). O sistema lagunar caracteriza-se pela presen?a de dep?sitos de anidrita e gipsita, al?m dos dep?sitos de pelitos negros com restos vegetais, os quais n?o cont?m uma fauna tipicamente marinha. O sistema de plataforma marinha ? composto por sucess?es de pelitos pretos e cinza com faunas fossiliferas de Dinoflagelados (g?neros Spiniferites Mantell, Subtilisphaera Jain e Subtilisphaera Millipied), t?picas de este tipo de sistema deposicional. As f?cies sedimentares descritas se arranjam verticalmente de forma a compor ciclos com padr?es de empilhamento progradacional, os quais formam ciclos com engrossamento textural para o topo, e retrogradacional, representados por ciclos com afinamento textural para o topo. Com base nestes ciclos, em seus padr?es de empilhamento e na mudan?a verticais entre estes padr?es, foram reconhecidos os tratos de sistemas e as seq??ncias deposicionais. Os tratos de sistemas de N?vel Baixo e o de N?vel Alto s?o compostos por ciclos com padr?o de empilhamento progradacional; o Trato de Sistemas Transgressivo, por sua vez, ? formado por ciclos com padr?o de empilhamento retrogradacional. A an?lise estratigr?fica 2D foi elaborada por meio da realiza??o de duas se??es estratigr?ficas. Para a escolha do datum foi privilegiada a superf?cie de m?xima inunda??o mais basal, interna ? Seq??ncia 1. A elabora??o destas se??es possibilitou compreender o comportamento de seis seq??ncias deposicionais ao longo da ?rea de estudo, as quais foram interpretadas como ciclos de segunda ordem ou superciclos (ciclos com dura??es entre 3 e 10 Ma), segundo a classifica??o de Vail, et al (1977). A Seq??ncia 1, mais antiga das seis seq??ncias identificadas, ? composta pelos tratos de sistemas de N?vel Baixo, Transgressivo e de N?vel Alto. Os dois primeiros tratos s?o formados exclusivamente pelos dep?sitos fluviais da Forma??o Rio da Batateira, ao passo que o terceiro inclui dep?sitos deltaicos e lacustres da Forma??o Crato. As seq??ncias 2 e 3 s?o formadas pelos tratos de sistemas Transgressivo (TST; fase de expans?o do lago) e de N?vel Alto (TSNA; fase retra??o do lago). Os TST s destas seq??ncias s?o formados por dep?sitos lacustres, ao passo que os TSNA s cont?m dep?sitos deltaicos, indicando assim condi??es de alta taxa de suprimento sedimentar na ?poca da deposi??o deste. A seq??ncia 4 ? formada pelos tratos de sistemas de N?vel Baixo (TSNA), Transgressivo e de N?vel Alto. O TSNB registra uma queda importante do n?vel base do lago; este trato se desenvolveu em condi??es de baixa raz?o entre a taxa de cria??o de espa?o de acomoda??o e a taxa de influxo sedimentar. O TST marca a terceira fase de expans?o do sistema lacustre na se??o p?s rifte da bacia; o sistema lacustre implantado no trato anterior inicia uma fase de retra??o em condi??es em que a taxa de aporte sedimentar passa a suplantar a de cria??o de espa?o de acomoda??o. A seq??ncia 5 desenvolveu-se em duas fases distintas. A primeira relaciona-se com a ?ltima etapa de expans?o do lago, (TST), trato basal desta seq??ncia. Nesta fase, o n?vel base do lago subiu consideravelmente. A segunda fase, relacionada ao TSNA), indica o final do dom?nio lacustre na Bacia do Araripe e a mudan?a para sistemas lagunares e de plan?cie de mar?, com grande desenvolvimento das por??es de supramar?. Estes sistemas eram formados por lagunas restritas, com l?mina de ?gua rasa, e com conex?o intermitente com o mar. Esta foi a fase em que a Bacia do Araripe registrou as mais severas condi??es de aridez de todo intervalo estudado, Aptiano ao Albiano, condi??es estas que propiciaram a forma??o de dep?sitos evapor?ticos. A seq??ncia 6 iniciou sua deposi??o ap?s uma queda significativa do incipiente mar (TSNB). Esta seq??ncia ?, indubitavelmente, a que cont?m os dep?sitos que comprovam a efetiva entrada do mar na Bacia do Araripe. O TST, trato final desta seq??ncia, representa o momento em que o n?vel do mar atingiu o seu m?ximo durante todo o intervalo Aptiano ao Albiano. A an?lise estratigr?fica do intervalo Aptiano ao Albiano permitiu compreender que o controle principal no desenvolvimento das seq??ncias deposicionais reconhecidas na Bacia do Araripe foram ?s varia??es do n?vel de base local, as quais s?o controladas, por sua vez, pelas mudan?as clim?ticas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GustavoAC_TESE.pdf: 3178455 bytes, checksum: bdea1ce583a318f3a35fb4f3221877a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The use of flexible materials for the development of planar circuits is one of the most desired and studied characteristics, lately, by researchers. This happens because the flexibility of the substrate can provide previously impracticable applications, due to the rigidity of the substrates normally used that makes it difficult to fit into the circuits in irregular surfaces. The constant interest in recent years for more lighter devices, increasingly more compacts, flexible and with low cost, led to a new line of research of great interest from both academic and technological views, that is the study and development of textile substrates that can be applied in the development of planar circuits, for applications in the areas of security, biomedical and telecommunications. This paper proposes the development of planar circuits, such as antennas , frequency selective surfaces (FSS) and planar filters, using textile (cotton ticking, jeans and brim santista) as the dielectric substrate and the Pure Copper Polyester Taffeta Fabric, a textile of pure copper, highly conductive, lightweight and flexible, commercially sold as a conductive material. The electrical characteristics of textiles (electric permittivity and loss tangent) were characterized using the transmission line method (rectangular waveguide) and compared with those found in the literature. The structures were analyzed using commercial software Ansoft Designer and Ansoft HFSS, both from the company Ansys and for comparison we used the Iterative Method of Waves (WCIP). For the purpose of validation were built and measured several prototypes of antennas, planar filters and FSS, being possible to confirm an excellent agreement between simulated and measured results / A utiliza??o de materiais flex?veis para o desenvolvimento de circuitos planares ? uma das caracter?sticas mais desejadas e estudadas, ultimamente, pelos pesquisadores, pois essa maleabilidade do substrato proporciona aplica??es antes imposs?veis, devido ? rigidez dos substratos normalmente utilizados o que dificultava a adequa??o dos circuitos em superf?cies irregulares. O constante interesse nos ?ltimos anos por dispositivos mais leves, cada vez mais compactos, flex?veis e com custo reduzido, levou a uma nova linha de pesquisa de grande interesse tanto do ponto de vista acad?mico quanto tecnol?gico que ? o estudo e desenvolvimento de substratos t?xteis que possam ser aplicados no desenvolvimento de circuitos planares, para aplica??es nas ?reas de seguran?a, biom?dica e telecomunica??es. Este trabalho prop?e o desenvolvimento de circuitos planares, tais como antenas, superf?cies seletivas de frequ?ncia (FSS) e filtros planares, utilizando tecidos (lona, jeans e brim santista) como substrato diel?trico e o tecido Pure Copper Polyester Taffeta Fabric, um tecido de cobre puro, altamente condutivo, leve e flex?vel, comercialmente vendido como material condutivo. As caracter?sticas el?tricas dos tecidos (permissividade el?trica e tangente de perda) foram determinadas utilizando o m?todo de linha de transmiss?o e comparadas com os encontrados na literatura. As estruturas foram analisadas utilizando os softwares comerciais Ansoft Designer, Ansoft HFSS ambos da empresa Ansys e para efeito de compara??o foi utilizado o M?todo Iterativo das Ondas (WCIP). Para efeito de valida??o foram constru?dos e medidos v?rios prot?tipos de antenas, FSS e filtros planares sendo poss?vel constatar uma excelente concord?ncia entre os resultados simulados e medidos