The modern role of the law of contract imposes a duty on the state to regulate the way individuals treat each other in the marketplace as part of fulfilling its social role. This thesis investigates the situation of contractual justice under Shariah and English law. It tests the extent to which contractual justice is protected under Shariah and English laws of contract. It indicates that the English law of contract is focused on the absolute sanctity of contract (in its classical form) and economic efficiency (in its modern form). On the other hand, the Shariah law of contract is governed by the general principle that gain comes only from labour and stresses the importance of the equivalence of counter-values. It reveals that while contractual justice under the English law of contract is procedurally oriented, it is substantively oriented under the Shariah law of contract. Additionally, the thesis also discusses the role of the law of consumer protection in pursuing contractual justice. While the consumer is protected under the English law by legislative control, the Shariah law of contract, which was the product of the seventh and eighth centuries, does not recognise the concept of the consumer. One would accordingly question the legitimacy of the action of protecting consumers in those states (take for example Saudi Arabia) that adopt Shariah as the law of the state. Most of the states, which adopt Shariah either alongside other normative systems or as the entire code, grant some kind of consumer protection measures within the law of contract. The thesis attempts to fill this gap by testing the viability of consumer protection derived from the Shariah law of contract. In doing so, attention is paid to the theoretical and practical aspects of the law. It is revealed that the Shariah law of contract is fit both from a theoretical and a practical perspective to serve the aims of consumer protection. The outcomes of the research should guide and enhance the legitimacy of consumer protection measures in Shariah-ruled countries.

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More .crimes of fraud make more . people who receive the messages lose money and felt great fear, which is a huge damage to Taiwan. There are many kind of fraud, included telemarketing fraud, lottery fraud and Automated Teller Machine fraud, etc. Message receivers are not understand the difference is between truth and fraud, and many message receivers reject all the messages they receive than believing racketeers and lose their money and time. There are many common cases of fraud, and related analysis is included in the study. There are four keypoints why message receivers were victims after asking for experts¡¦ opinions, including extra-environmental factors, forms of fraud, message receivers who do not have enough knowledge about fraud and message receivers¡¦ personal factors. Finally, the study designed a questionnaire to investigate what cognition, experience and attitude subjects had. The population of study is the citizens in Kaohsiung. The research uses the elaboration likelihood model as the research method and the situation stimulated to design the questionnaire. The research result is shown as following: the difference between receptions of subjects in the case of common fraud and the case of non-common fraud is significant, and the personal factors gender, age, education level and monthly homehold income level significant to receptions of the subjects.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Freiburg (Breisgau), 1999.

This dissertation is a collection of three essays that study the market for consumer information. The first chapter studies the role of information intermediaries and their impact on consumer privacy. The second chapter presents an analysis of signaling in credit and insurance markets through default and repayment decisions. The third chapter studies some special topics such the manipulation of credit histories by fake borrowing or deletion of records. It also identifies a learning mechanism through which uninformed consumers can endogenously learn the link between credit market behavior and insurance market outcomes. / text

消費者的維權意識，主要是指消費者對自身與消費相關的權益的知悉程度及在權益遭受侵害時的維權意願，即每個消費者在遭遇消費侵權時都有拿起法律武器維護自身權益的自覺。中國的《消費者權益保護法》已實施多年，消費者的知權意識明顯提高，但維權仍不積極，大多消費者在面對各種消費侵權行仍選擇默默忍受。中國大陸地區最新修訂完成的《消費者權益保護法》，增加了很多保護消費者的法律制度，本文從促進消費者維權的角度對該法新內容進行解讀。從充實細化消費者的權利、加強經營者的義務和責任、爭議解決機制的完善與加強消費者協會的功能等方面進行闡釋，展示該法的新制度。其中特別值得注意的新制度是：(1)明確消費者個人信息保護的規定；(2)增加規定遠端交易的消費者的後悔權；(3)增加規定舉證責任導置；(4)增加規定網路交易平臺的責任；(5)規定廣告經營者或發佈者的虛假廣告責任；(6)加重懲罰性賠償責任；(7)消費者協會可提公益訴訟。

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No description available.

The study is premised on a notion of 'African crisis'. Since the notion of crisis is multi-dimensional, hence susceptible to variable interpretations and emphases, the study posits and argues two interconnected hypotheses, thus operating within a finite investigative and interpretive framework It is hypothesised that a crisis of the state in Africa to a significant extent is a crisis in the spheres of political legitimacy and social cohesion. As both spheres fall within the operational ambit of ideology, the study examines the concept in some depth. In order to investigate the problematic of ideology in decolonising and postcolonial Africa, a distinction is made between ideology per se and phenomena and practices deemed ideological. During a process of exploring and analysing this distinction, cognisance is taken of the interface between ideology and social science paradigms. From this interface emerges the notion of an 'ideological paradigm'. Accordingly, it is hypothesised that two dominant paradigms in Cold War era Africa, namely, modernisation theory and scientific Marxism, are implicated in the crisis of the state. Included in this proposition is an argument that the application of exogenous developmental schematics in effect reproduced a colonial ethos inhospitable to endogenous innovation and initiative, not least in respect to the formulation and application of ideologies adequately congruent with - hence intelligible to - the lived worlds of Africans. Moreover, to the extent that the post Cold War era is characterised by the dominance of a neoliberal paradigm, this contention is of continuing relevance. The better to distinguish between an ideological paradigm and an ideology, the study investigates two significant departures from paradigmatic convention in decolonising Guinea-Bissau and postcolonial Tanzania. Both Amilcar Cabral and Julius Nyerere articulated and applied ideologies on the whole grounded more in local contexts than in exogenous paradigms. While Cabral's thesis is discussed at some length during the course of a literature review, Ujamaa in Tanzania comprises the dissertation's main case study. Tanzania is conceptualised as embarking on a post-independence quest for an inclusive epistemology on which to base an ideology at once locus-specific and informed by general tenets of human-centred socialism. From this quest emerged a national ethic that - in a post Cold War era - continues to influence state-societal relations in Tanzania, and thus has proven to be of lasting value. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

Over the past two decades, South Africa has introduced several laws regulating business and providing protection to consumers. These include the Competition Act (89 of 1998), the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act (25 of 2002), the National Credit Act (34 of 2005), and the Consumer Protection Act (68 of 2008) (CPA). The CPA was implemented to conform to international best practice regarding consumer law, to replace the existing but outdated laws, and most importantly, to provide protection to vulnerable consumers (Department of Trade and Industry, 2004:14; Rampersad & Reddy, 2012:7407). The importance of protecting vulnerable consumers can be attributed to South Africa’s history of discrimination and excluding the majority of the population from quality education and equal opportunities in the marketplace (Rampersad & Reddy, 2012:7407). However, the CPA is of small value to consumers if it is not generally known and applied; thus, consumers will continue to be at the mercy of retailers who very often do not have their best interests at heart. Therefore, this study was undertaken to measure the awareness and knowledge of the CPA among retailers. The research was done among small independent retailers located in shopping malls in the Vaal Triangle, South Africa. The study followed a quantitative approach, using a self-administered questionnaire to obtain a single cross-sectional sample. From the data gathered, it is clear that most of the participants considered themselves well informed regarding consumer rights; 88 present of the participants indicated that they are familiar with the nine consumer rights contained in the CPA. However, this stands in stark contrast to the results obtained in the section measuring the actual knowledge of the CPA; only 49 present of the participants managed to answer more than half of the questions correctly, and none answered more than 70 present correctly. In addition, the participants seemed to score higher on those rights that existed before the CPA came into effect, and lower on the new rights introduced by the Act. This seems to indicate that retailers are not yet familiar with the Act; it is, therefore, unlikely that they do business in a manner that complies with the CPA, which robs consumers of the benefit and protection of the Act. Of the retailers who participated in this study, 72 present said they believe the CPA is necessary to protect consumers. This would seem to indicate that it is the lack of knowledge rather that real resistance to the Act which is standing in the way of wider compliance. Therefore, steps should be taken with utmost urgency to educate and increase awareness of the Act, both among retailers and consumers. / MCom (Marketing Management), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014