Cast nickel-aluminum bronze (NAB) alloy is specified for many marine applications, including ship propellers, due to its excellent corrosion-resistance combined with acceptable mechanical properties. Friction stir processing (FSP) can be used to improve the alloyâ s mechanical properties by localized microstructure modification in the cast material. FSP converts an as-cast microstructure to a wrought condition in the absence of macroscopic shape change, closes porosity, and provides a means to surface harden the castings. The closure of porosity near the surface of the material may shorten the manufacturing and processing time for ship propellers. The surface hardening of cast NAB alloy can be used to increase the wear life of ship propellers. Rockwell Scientific Corporation (now Teledyne Scientific Corporation) supplied three Nickel Aluminum Bronze alloy plates which have been friction stir processed in a raster pattern under a Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) project. Each plate had been processed using a different tool RPM and IPM (inches per minute of transverse) combination. Miniature tensile samples were sectioned from the FSP zone and surrounding base metal and mechanical property distributions were determined in these regions. The material within the FSP zone exhibited consistently higher yield strengths, ultimate tensile strengths, and ductilities than the as-cast base metal.

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have received significant research interest due to their completely amorphous structure which results in unique structural and functional properties. Absence of grain boundaries and secondary phases in BMGs results in high corrosion resistance in many different environments. Understanding and tailoring the corrosion behavior can be significant for various structural applications in bulk form as well as coatings. In this study, the corrosion behavior of several Zr-based and Fe-Co based BMGs was evaluated to understand the effect of chemistry as well as quenched in free volume on corrosion behavior and mechanisms. Presence of Nb in Zr-based alloys was found to significantly improve corrosion resistance due to the formation of a stable passive oxide. Relaxed glasses showed lower rates compared to the as-cast alloys. This was attributed to lowering of chemical potential from the reduced fraction of free volume. Potentiodynamic polarization and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) techniques helped in quantifying the corrosion rate and polarization resistance. The effect of alloy composition was quantified by extensive surface analysis using Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and auger spectroscopy. Pitting intensity was higher in the as-cast glasses than the relaxed glasses. The electrochemical behavior of a Zr-Ti-Cu-Ni-Be bulk metallic glass subjected to high strain processing was studied. High strain processing caused shear band formation and an increase in the free volume. Potentiodynamic polarization and EIS showed a strong correlation between the enthalpy of structural relaxation and corrosion rate and polarization resistance. Pitting was observed to preferentially occur on shear bands in the processed samples, while it was stochastic in unprocessed glass. The corrosion analysis of Co-Fe glasses showed an increase in corrosion current density when Fe content was increased from 0 to 7 at%. The corrosion resistance improved when Fe content was further increased to 15 at%. Similar trend was seen in EIS studies. The improved corrosion resistance at 15 at% Fe can be attributed to the large supercooled region that facilitates the formation of completely amorphous alloy, in contrast to lower Fe containing alloys, where short range ordering may deteriorate the corrosion resistance. Porous metallic glass structure was developed by electrochemical dealloying via cyclic voltammetry. Mechanical properties and changes in electrical conductivity were measured as a function of depth from surface by nano-indentation and nano electrical contact resistance technique. The nanoporous layer was found have hardness of 0.41 GPa and elastic modulus of nearly 22 GPa. The resistivity of the nanoporous layer continuously decreased when moving towards the substrate as the indentation depth increased which is attributed to the gradient in pore size.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering), 2017 / Chromium oxide provides an inexpensive and practical means of increasing the corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steel in most environments. However, the oxide is prone to dissolve in reducing acids and in chloride containing solutions, which compromises the durability and effective operation of structures made of austenitic stainless steel. This research project explored the use of thin ruthenium surface alloys produced by ion implantation, RF sputtering and pulsed electrodeposition (PED) to improve the corrosion resistance of AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel in reducing acids and chloride solutions via a technique known as cathodic modification. The properties of the alloyed 304L stainless steel were evaluated using a number of tools including X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), potentiodynamic polarisation, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Preliminary tests in 1 M sulphuric acid showed that the ruthenium surface alloys sufficiently raised the corrosion potential of 304L stainless steel to ranges where the stability of chromium oxide is guaranteed. Surface alloys produced by RF sputtering and PED were associated with the best corrosion resistance, and protection efficiencies of at least 85%, but they spalled during corrosion exposure rendering them unsuitable for corrosion application. The corrosion of the ruthenium implanted surface alloys exhibited a strong dependence on the surface roughness of the stainless steel, with the least corrosion rates achieved on rough 304L stainless steel samples implanted with 1016 Ru/cm2 at 50 keV. Corrosion characterisation of these ruthenium implanted surface alloys was studied in various corrosive media including sulphuric acid, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and simulated fuel cell solutions. Their corrosion rates in sulphuric acid decreased with increase in acid concentration, and exhibited non-Arrhenius behaviour in the acid solutions; corrosion rates were unaffected by increasing exposure temperature from 25 to 50°C. In 3.5 wt% sodium chloride, addition of ruthenium via ion implantation changed pit morphology from elongated to circular, indicating a diminished tendency for pits to initiate at manganese sulphide stringers. Corrosion rates of the ruthenium implanted stainless steels in the simulated fuel cell solutions were at least 69% lower than the target corrosion rate for use in polymer electrode membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), thus presenting a possible practical application of ruthenium surface alloyed austenitic stainless steel. / CK2018

M. Tech. Chemical Engineering. / Discusses the effect of ferrous gluconate (FG) and zinc gluconate (ZG) as novel corrosion inhibitors on the corrosion rate of mild steel and aluminium alloy in 3.5% NaCl and 0.5 M H2SO4 media was investigated by electrochemical and weight loss techniques. The effect of inhibitor concentration was investigated. The concentration of these inhibitor ranges from 0.5 to 2.0% g/v at a temperature of 28OC. The synergetic effect of these inhibitors was also studied. High resolution scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (HR-SEM/EDS) and Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize the surface morphology of the metals before and after corrosion. Experimental results revealed that ferrous gluconate and zinc gluconate in 3.5% NaCl and 0.5 M H2SO4 solution decreased the corrosion rate at the different concentrations studied. Maximum inhibition efficiency of 100% was achieved for mild steel at 0.5% g/v concentration of FG, 0.5% g/v concentration of ZG and 1.5% g/v synergetic of FG + ZG in 3.5% NaCl solution. Similarly, 100% inhibition efficiency was obtained for aluminium alloy at different media studied (3.5% NaCl and 0.5 M H2SO4). The experimental results obtained from potentiodynamic polarization method showed that the presence of FG and ZG in 3.5% NaCl and 0.5 M H2SO4 solutions decreases the corrosion current densities (icorr) and corrosion rates (CR), and increases the polarization resistance (Rp). It was observed that the inhibitor efficiency depends on the corrosive media, concentration of the inhibitor and the substrate material. The adsorption characteristics of FG and ZG were best described by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Good correlation exists between the results obtained from both polarization and weight loss methods.

Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-67).

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:47:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07965.pdf: 13989863 bytes, checksum: 2913793c77d98e847907fe76fc84fe02 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2017-11-16T17:59:00Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-16T17:59:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho foram realizados experimentos de soldagem circunferencial em tubos de aço inoxidável super duplex UNS S32750, com diâmetros de 19,05 mm e 48,20 mm. Foram executadas soldas utilizando-se diversos parâmetros de soldagem num equipamento MIG com controle CMT&reg Cold Metal Transfer. Os cordões de solda foram avaliados por inspeção visual e dimensional, além dos ensaios de tração e microdureza Vickers, bem como a análise microestrutural em conjunto com análise de precipitação de fases, a qual foi realizada em acordo com a prática A da norma ASTM A923, e ensaio de corrosão conforme a prática A da norma ASTM G48 em conjunto com a norma ASTM A923. Os resultados indicaram que a soldagem do tubo com diâmetro de 19,05 mm apresentou cordão de solda com dimensões inaceitáveis conforme norma, tendo sido esta condição atribuída a utilização de um elevado diâmetro do arame para as condições (parâmetros) usadas de soldagem. A soldagem do tubo com diâmetro de 48,20 mm apresentou falta de penetração nas condições empregadas, quando soldado pelo processo CMT&reg convencional. No caso da utilização do CMT&reg combinado com arco pulsado, em condições que geraram maior aporte de calor durante a soldagem, assim obteve-se penetração total da junta e acabamento superficial adequado. Os resultados indicaram que a soldagem utilizando o processo CMT&reg combinado com arco pulsado, nas condições (parâmetros) empregados geraram bom acabamento superficial, aliado propriedades mecânicas compatíveis, atendendo exigências de normas, bem como uma microestrutura balanceada e alta resistência à corrosão. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Stainless steel (SS) has emerged as an alternative corrosion-resistant reinforcement in concrete instead of the commonly used carbon steel (CS). The biggest advantage of SS is that it takes more time for corrosion to initiate than for CS. An additional benefit from the use of SS in concrete may be derived from the period after the corrosion started until the concrete structure reaches a limit state. This period is called corrosion propagation stage (CPS) and it has been hardly studied in SS reinforced structures. The duration of this period could be related, among other factors, to the morphology of corrosion of stainless steel in concrete. In some instances, the corrosion detection methods for CS have been used on SS reinforced structures to estimate the corrosion condition. However, there is uncertainty if these methods can detect corrosion in SS reinforced structures properly. This investigation was organized in two parts: literature review and experimental work. The literature review indicated among other findings that the duration of the CPS of SS’s embedded in concrete may be estimated to be in the order of several decades. High-grade SS’s would have a longer duration of the CPS. The review also indicated that even localized corrosion of SS reinforcement may induce concrete cracking. The literature also suggested that the corrosion detection on SS reinforced concrete may require a combination of conventional methods (half-cell potential) and advanced electrochemical techniques such as Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, Electrochemical noise, etc. The experimental work focused on further determining whether corrosion of SS in concrete can be detected by methods traditionally used for CS reinforcement, and to what extent localization of corrosion of SS compares with that of CS in concrete. The experiments consisted in accelerated corrosion testing of controlled anodic regions along concrete beams, for which tests were designed and initiated. Martensitic UNS S41000 SS bars were partially embedded in chloride contaminated concrete (5.84% by weight of cement) to cause active corrosion. AISI 1018 CS was also used for comparison purposes. Traditional half-cell potential measurements on the reinforced concrete specimens were evaluated in comparison to that of advanced electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Additional concrete resistivity monitoring gave an indication of the degree of the pore structure formation. The traditional half-cell potential measurements on AISI 1018 CS reinforced concrete specimens appeared to be suitable to estimate the corrosion state of the reinforcement. However, there was uncertainty on the interpretation of the half-cell potential results and thus the corrosion state of UNS S41000 SS reinforced concrete specimens. Low-dispersion corrosion rates values were found over large areas on SS and CS bars in concrete, but that SS embedded in concrete also seemed to develop instances of corrosion rate peaks. Among other findings, the duration of CPS of CS in concrete was estimated to be in the interval [6-59] years. Assuming that the CPS had been reached, SS specimens in concrete appeared to have a much longer duration of CPS than CS, with an interval [57-253] years. However, this assumption is likely not valid and more work is required to assess the CPS of SS reinforced concrete.

Stress-corrosion cracking of austenitic alloys in an oxygen-free carbon dioxide environment containing chloride ions was studied under static conditions. Stiffness and X-ray measurements supported results obtained from SEM photomicrographs indicating that the CT specimens loaded to a stress intensity of 22 ksi-in^.5 were not susceptible to SCC in this environment. These alloys were also evaluated for their SCC resistance in boiling MgCl₂ and NaCl solutions. Results of this study indicated that alloys containing higher nickel contents were more resistant to chloride SCC. / Master of Science