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On the northern shores of the recreated lake apal an isthmus protrudes spanning east and west. A road runs along the isthmus and from its center a leisure and culture-center spans out over the water. The isthmus protects the surrounding countryside from flooding during extreme rainfall as it is predicted by MSB. There is an outlet for water connecting lake Hjälmaren with lake Mälaren containing a concrete obstacle for wandering crayfish.The Center is dedicated to the restored lake and its environmental benefits and to the Noble Crayfish domestic in Sweden but now faced with extinction due to the invasive Signal crayfish. The center follows the gentle curvature of the isthmus, half of it resting on the isthmus the other half protruding out over the water. 896 thin piles made of reinforced concrete carries the building with rests on a concrete slab. Large glulam frames and CLT beams makes out the carrying construction of the building. A long room whose width expands and collapses during its course spanns the entire length of the building and it too follows the curvature of the isthmus. No doors lead directly out to the long room, all room-exits go in an east and west direction. Large windows overlook the lake from the central restaurant, dedicated to the homegrown crayfish. The interior walls, roof and floor is made upp by wooden planks following the curvature of the Center. The glulam frames are, although clad because of the climatic surrounding, visible on the buildings exterior walls and roof like ribbs. The roof and ribbs are matt black and the walls are falu-red. Public spaces look out over the lake while the interior service rooms face north to the road. Main entrances and exits are on the eastern and western side, while cargo-loading is located on the northern side accessible from the road. / Längs den återskapade Apalsjöns nord östra strand ringlar ett näs i ost västlig rikting. På näsets norra sida löper en väg och söder om vägen samt ut över vattnet sträcker sig ett hus vars långsmala kropp följer näsets konturer. Näset skapar en vattenbarriär och skyddar den omkringliggande åkermarken från de översvämningar som beskrivs på MSB´s katastrofkartor vid framtida extremväder samtidigt som vattenutsläppet garanterar fortsatt sammanbindning av Hjälmaren och Mälaren. Ett vandringshinder i betong för signalkräftor finns i vattenutsläppet. Det långsmala huset är ett Folketshusdistriktet och Naturum, dedikerat till den återskapade sjön och till den inhemska svenska flodkräftan. Flodkräftan, snart stöd i vilt tillstånd, odlas i anslutning till huset i dammar på näset, för konsumtion i restaurangen samt försäljning. Kräftyngel odlas för försäljning till omkringliggande lantbrukare för odling i egna dammar. 896 20•20 betongpelare bär upp betongplattan och utgör husets grund. Stora ramar i limträ, takbjälkar i kl-trä och kl-vägskivor utgör husets huvudsakliga bärande konstruktion. Limträramarna är synliga i husets fasad. Inklädda till skydd mot vädret spänner dom över byggnaden som revben. Taket och "revbenen" är mattsvarta och ytterväggarna målade faluröda. Halva huset vilar på näset och halva skjuter ut över sjöytan. Husets södra del utgörs av publika rum med generösa fönster som blickar ut över sjön. Den norra delen av byggnaden består av interna personalutrymmen, toaletter, teknikrum, vaktmästeri etc. Ett långt rum löper genom hela husets längd i öst-västlig riktning, ömsom ökandes i bredd, ömsom avsmalnande. Inga dörrar öppnas direkt mot detta rum utan alla dörrar öppnas åt öst eller väst. De publika ingångarna till huset finns på östra och västra kortsidorna, inläsning sker på nordsidan från vägen.

Focused ultrasound (FUS) mediated neuromodulation has become a trending topic due to its promising attributes that enable precise and transcranial neuromodulation. Despite multiple reports of FUS effects on neurons, nervous systems, and the human brain, the mechanisms underlying such excitation or inhibition remain controversial. In our previous study, we showed that 2.1 MHz FUS induced membrane depolarizations on single crayfish motor axons in the presence of voltage-gated channel blockers, which led to a nanopore hypothesis: FUS triggered lipid molecule reconfiguration and form ion-permeable nanopores on the axonal membrane. Based on this hypothesis, stretching of the axonal membrane due to swelling in low osmolarity should increase the probability of nanopore formation under FUS. As predicted, exposure to 75% hypotonic saline induced significant increases in amplitude and frequency of occurrence of those FUS-induced depolarizations (FUSD) while the onset latency of the FUSD showed a significant decrease. Those results support the hypothesis that FUSD can be modulated by mechanically altering membrane properties. Since FUS inevitably perturbs cell membranes, we examined the role of mechanosensitive K2P channels at the crayfish opener neuromuscular junction. At ultrasound intensity lower than those used to evoke FUSD, FUS consistently induced membrane hyperpolarization (FUSH) in motor axons but not muscle fibers, which may lack K2P. Since K2P channels are also thermosensitive, we varied the temperature from 12 to 32 °C. However, there was no significant correlation between FUSH amplitudes and temperature. Furthermore, FUSH was not inhibited by the K2P channel blockers, although the presence of the channels was confirmed by K2P blockers which increased input resistance and depolarized axonal resting membrane potential. Thus, it is unlikely that K2P channels underlie FUSH. We also studied the impact of FUS on propagating action potentials (APs) in the crayfish motor axons. APs recorded during FUS took off from a hyperpolarized membrane potential and exhibited larger amplitudes and shorter duration. Three hypotheses were examined and eliminated. The US modulated AP shape changes cannot be due to: (1) alterations in microelectrode characteristics, (2) the increase in the fraction of sodium channels in the closed and not-inactivated state due to the hyperpolarization and (3) US activation of K2P channels which in turn altered AP shapes. One potential mechanism that requires further investigation is that FUS may accelerate the activation of sodium channel opening. Other factors that may indirectly modulate AP shapes are discussed. In summary, results presented in this thesis suggest that FUS-mediated membrane responses in a single cell could vary depending on the FUS intensity and the type of ion channel a given cell expresses. Furthermore, ultrasound not only evokes changes membrane potential but also modulates action potentials. Collectively, these results represent significant contribution to the understanding of mechanisms underlying ultrasound neuromodulation at the cellular level.

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