No description available.

Early adolescence (e.g., 10-14 years old) is a time during which health habits and behaviors first develop that carry over into adulthood. This age range is also a time when changes are often first observed in typical sleep patterns, such as a delay in bedtimes, decreased total sleep times, and increased sleep problems. Electronic media and social networking have become essential to adolescent interpersonal communication and are negatively associated with adolescent sleep. Room and/or bed sharing practices and having a parent-set bedtime are still common in this age range, though no study has examined the relationship between these culturally influenced practices and the sleep of racially/ethnically diverse early adolescents. The current study examined if differences exist between 1272 Caucasian, Hispanic/Latino, and African American early adolescents (ages 10-14 years) on self-reported bedtime, SOL, TST, and sleep efficiency, and whether these differences persist when taking into account presence of electronic media in the bedroom (i.e., TV, videogame console, computer, cellphone), media use at bedtime (i.e., watching TV, playing video/computer games, social networking, texting), room sharing, and parent-set bedtimes. Preliminary results showed that females reported worse sleep than males (i.e., longer sleep onset latency, shorter TST, and lower sleep efficiency, with a trend for having a later bedtime), and that African Americans and Hispanics reported later bedtimes than Caucasians, Hispanics reported shorter sleep onset latency and longer sleep efficiency than Caucasians, and African Americans reported shorter total sleep time than Caucasians. Presence of any type of media in the bedroom or use of any type of electronic media at bedtime was associated with later bedtimes and shorter total sleep times, but not with SOL or sleep efficiency. Parent-set bedtimes were associated with earlier bedtimes, longer sleep onset latency, longer TST, and lower sleep efficiency. After controlling for significant bedtime factors, only the main effects for TST became non-significant, while the interaction became significant. Hispanic females reported shorter TST than Hispanic males, African American females reported shorter TST compared to Caucasian females, and Caucasian males reported shorter TST compared to Hispanic males. Intervention strategies such as parent education and sleep education in schools targeting the bedtime behaviors and sleeping habits of adolescents are discussed.

No description available.

The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationship between intergroup attitudes and the remembering activity of two culturally different groups of subjects. The theoretical basis of this study is the transactional model as outlined by Meacham (1977). According to this model, the attitudes, memories and the sociocultural background of the rememberer constantly and simultaneously alter one another in a reciprocal fashion. Different sociocultural experiences lead to different attitudes and memories, and any changes brought about in attitudes result in changes in memories and vice versa. To examine this system of relationship, two groups of American and Iranian subjects were recruited. Both groups consisted of 28 university students who were either upper classmen or graduate students. Subjects' initial attitudes toward three sets of attitudinal objects were assessed using a set of 37 Semantic Differential Scales. The three sets of attitudinal objects consisted of peoples and governments of three countries of Iran, Sweden, and the U.S. A week after the inital assessment, the subjects were engaged in a remembering activity which consisted of two tasks. The first task was a free recall task. The subjects were asked to recall, to the best of their abilities, the story of the American hostages in Iran. Following the free recall activity the subjects were given a set of 16 statements, which collectively described the entire hostage event in a concise manner. Each of these statements had four different components which the subjects were asked to mark if they would recognize them. The four components were action, agent, time, and explanation. Immediately after the recall and recognition tasks, the attitudes of the subjects toward the same attitudinal objects were assessed again. The data did not provide any support for the transactional model, but nevertheless revealed some significant differences between the two groups of subjects in regard to some of the attitudinal objects.

published_or_final_version / Paediatrics / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Researchers and policy makers consider entrepreneurship to be a major source of economic development and competitiveness. Determinants of entrepreneurship have been studied at individual, regional and national levels. Even though research indicates that variation in the levels of entrepreneurship across regions within nations is greater than the national differences and that these differences persist over time (Bosma & Schutjen 2009, 2011; Fritsch & Mueller 2006; Sternberg 2004; Tamásy 2006), we still do not know the full range of regional level determinants of entrepreneurship. I drew from Wennekers’ (2006) framework and link two lines of research (international entrepreneurship and international management) to examine the effects of institutional, economic, technological and cultural contexts on entrepreneurship across within-country regions developed ten hypotheses regarding the relationship of institutional, economic, technological and cultural context to entrepreneurship. I tested these hypotheses within Europe using the regional classification scheme developed by the European Union. Data for the variables came from the European Values Survey, European Social Survey, Eurostat, World Bank, International Social Security Association, Eurobarometer and the Global Competitiveness Report. To test the hypothesized relationships, I use Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM 6.0.) The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between institutional trust, Long Term Orientation and entrepreneurship levels across regions. In conclusion, examination of region-level predictors of entrepreneurship must include different measures of entrepreneurship to provide more accurate understanding and to inform policy makers. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

曾凱恩. / 論文(哲學碩士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院傳播學部, 1996. / 參考文献 : leaves 178-181. / Zeng Kai'en [Tsang Doris H. Y.]. / Chapter 第一章： --- 總論 / Chapter 第一節： --- 前言 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二節： --- 研究問題之闡釋 --- p.8 / Chapter 第二章： --- 文化資源與訊息解讀的關係 / Chapter 第一節： --- 「文化」在閱聽人和解讀中的角色 --- p.14 / Chapter 第二節： --- 解讀的認知心理過程 --- p.17 / Chapter 第三節： --- 活動於文化資源中的「符號」 --- p.22 / Chapter 第三章： --- 文本與閱聽人的互動形態 / Chapter 第一節： --- 總論文本與閱聽人的關係 --- p.27 / Chapter 第二節： --- 積極活躍於解讀的閱聽人 --- p.28 / Chapter 第三節： --- 多元歧義的解讀結構 --- p.32 / Chapter 第四節： --- 符號的種類與意義的闡釋 --- p.37 / Chapter 第四章： --- 研究方法 / Chapter 第一節： --- 研究設計 --- p.45 / Chapter 第二節： --- 影片介紹 --- p.50 / Chapter (一） --- 阿甘正傳 --- p.51 / Chapter (二） --- 人間有情 --- p.52 / Chapter 第五章： --- 總論研究實證 --- p.53 / Chapter 第六章： --- 表述解讀過程的形式 --- p.59 / Chapter 第一節： --- 比較式的表述 --- p.59 / Chapter (一） --- 内部比較 --- p.60 / Chapter (二） --- 外部比較 --- p.61 / Chapter 第二節： --- 體驗式的表述 --- p.63 / Chapter 第三節： --- 誘導式的表述 --- p.65 / Chapter 第四節： --- 設身式的表述 --- p.66 / Chapter 第七章： --- 解讀：閱聽人文化資源的運用與文本的互動 / Chapter 第一節： --- 文化資源與解讀的關係 / Chapter (一） --- 文化資源決定了閱聽人的解讀取向 --- p.68 / Chapter 第二節： --- 小組討論的互動性表現 --- p.79 / Chapter (一） --- 表述方式的倣效 --- p.80 / Chapter (二） --- 問題的再建構潛力 --- p.81 / Chapter (三） --- 眾人的「壓力」 --- p.82 / Chapter 第八章： --- 故事線解讀 / Chapter 第一節： --- 故事線解讀的停留性 --- p.84 / Chapter 第二節： --- 故事線解讀的一致性 --- p.92 / Chapter 第三節： --- 解讀的提升性 --- p.93 / Chapter 第九章： --- 探索性解讀 / Chapter 第一節： --- 故事線中的思考空間 --- p.95 / Chapter 第二節： --- 延申性探索解讀 --- p.98 / Chapter 第三節： --- 獨立性探索解讀 --- p.104 / Chapter 第十章： --- 認知性解讀 / Chapter 第一節： --- 特定解讀 / Chapter (一） --- 特定解讀模式 --- p.110 / Chapter (二） --- 不同的發源，相同的理解 --- p.116 / Chapter (三） --- 異己文化的知識性解讀 --- p.117 / Chapter (四） --- 抽象訊息解讀的特定性 --- p.123 / Chapter 第二節： --- 任意解讀 / Chapter (一） --- 任意解讀模式 --- p.126 / Chapter (二） --- 相同的發源，不同的理解 --- p.131 / Chapter (三） --- 異己文化訊息的再解讀 --- p.132 / Chapter (四） --- 「沒定義」的文化符碼 --- p.135 / Chapter (五） --- 訊息是回憶的起點站 --- p.137 / Chapter 第十一章： --- 總結 --- p.140 / 附錄 / 附錄一 ：「阿甘正傳」討論點 --- p.145 / 附錄二 ：「阿甘正傳」討論點（英文） --- p.151 / 附錄三：「人間有情」討論點 --- p.157 / 附錄四：「人間有情」討論點（英文） --- p.164 / 附錄五：中國人組個人資料問卷 --- p.172 / 附錄六：美國人組個人資料問卷 --- p.173 / 附錄七：内容複述的書信戔 --- p.174 / 參考書目 --- p.178

No description available.

In the last thirty years appropriation has been studied as the practice of reworking earlier works of art or literature by presenting them in new contexts, or to challenge notions of individual creativity or authenticity in art. However, the term "appropriation" is hotly debated in the fields of Indigenous and Post-colonial studies for technologies such as the English language, writing and visual art have for a long time assumed the connotation of 'colonial property'. The object of this enquiry is to explore the extent to which Indigenous Australian appropriations of the English language, writing and visual art, provide -- though they differ widely in terms of themes, strategies and styles -- a terrain for discussing unexplored issues of intercultural representation, epistemology and interpretation. The dissertation offers a close reading of literary and visual "practices of proximity", such as interlanguages, editorial relations and cross-cultural exhibitions, in order to demonstrate that Indigenous Australian appropriations variously disrupt neo/colonial claims of property. This dissertation is organized thematically, and consists of three parts entitled "Interlanguages", "Intertextual Performances" and "Contested Sights". Each part consists of three chapters, which move from an initial questioning of technology as colonial property, to the close analysis of some Indigenous appropriations and non-Indigenous counterappropriations. Situated at the crossroads between Indigenous and Postcolonial studies, the dissertation offers insights into the timely debates on sovereignty, difference and subject positioning. The combination of theories of "appropriation" and "intersubjectivity" illuminates a new path in theorizing Australian intercultural relations. The Australian contact zone is unveiled as a place of Indigenous sovereignty where the colonial subject is ontologically and epistemologically constituted in correlation with Indigenous peoples. Thereby, the Indigenous/non-Indigenous intersubjective relation is recognised as the ground from which notions of the colonial self and other derive and which colonial reifying selfreflection has misconceived as separate.

This study investigates the nature of the relationship that the state in New Zealand, the Crown, has established with Māori as a tribally-based people. Despite the efforts of recent New Zealand Governments to address the history of Crown injustice to Māori, the relationship of the Crown with Iwi Māori continues to be fraught with contradictions and tension. It is the argument of the thesis that the tension exists because the Crown has imposed a social, political, and economic order that is inherently contradictory to the social, political, and economic order of the Māori tribal world. Overriding an order where relationships are negotiated and alliances built between autonomous groups, the Crown constituted itself as a government with single, undivided sovereignty, used its unilateral power to introduce policy and legislation that facilitated the dispossession of whānau and hapū of their resources and their authority in the land, and enshrined its own authority and capitalist social relations instead. The thesis is built round a critical reading of five Waitangi Tribunal reports, namely the Muriwhenua Fishing Report, Mangonui Sewerage Report, The Te Roroa Report, Muriwhenua Land Report, and Te Whanau o Waipareira Report.