Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Economics, March 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Texte remanié de: Habilitationsschrift. Philosophie--Saarbrücken, 1974. / Bibliogr. p. 346-374. Index.

Diss--Universität Frankfurt am Main, 1997. / Bibliogr. p. 293-313. Index.

No description available.

Malnutrition and nutritional deprivation are common in hospital patients. Consequent dysfunction is exacerbated in the presence of an inflammatory state and leads to increased morbidity, mortality and treatment cost. This thesis tested the hypothesis that clinical outcome could be improved, and treatment cost reduced, if enteral nutritional (EN) was; a) initiated earlier after the pathological event, and b) when > 50% of a patient's estimated energy and nitrogen requirements were met by EN (ie. aggressive EN). A Preliminary Investigation found that patients starved for &le; 5 days compared to > 5 days, had a lower mortality (p < 0.003) and shorter duration of nasogastric (NG) feeding (p = 0.049). The population studied was heterogenous and no account was taken of disease severity. The hypothesis was therefore re-tested in burned patients, controlling for disease severity. The delay before attempting aggressive EN was associated with major complications excluding (p < 0.001) and including mortality (p = 0.018), length of (hospital) stay (LOS) (p = 0.011), and treatment cost (p < 0.001). Finally, a prospective randomised controlled trial (PRCT) was used to test the hypothesis. A study of patients undergoing major GI surgery failed due to poor recruitment, but useful aspects of this protocol were adapted for a similar trial in head-injured patients. In this group, early aggressive EN was associated with a reduction in infective complications (p = 0.0195), duration of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.019) and treatment cost (p = 0.006). In certain conditions at least, early aggressive EN is associated with improved clinical outcome and reduced treatment cost. Much of this improvement appears to be due to a reduction in infective complications.

A integração dos países periféricos na globalização financeira foi acompanhada por diversas crises desde o início dos anos 1990. Essas crises contribuíram para o desenvolvimento de uma literatura sobre indicadores de vulnerabilidade externa que busca encontrar acúmulo de fragilidades nas economias emergentes, para proporcionar medidas capazes de contornar ou amenizar momentos de crise. A busca de sinais de vulnerabilidade se torna relevante frente ao cenário atual de uma potencial reversão de liquidez internacional, com a expectativa do mercado em relação à mudança da política monetária dos países centrais. O objetivo desta pesquisa é comparar, através de diversos indicadores, a posição de vulnerabilidade externa de Brasil, Índia, Indonésia, África do Sul e Turquia, os países emergentes sobre os quais o mercado possui as piores expectativas quanto à capacidade de resistência frente a um choque externo e que, por conta disso, foram apelidados de Fragile Five. / The integration of peripheral countries in financial globalization was accompanied by several crises since the early 1990. These crises contributed to the development of a branchof the international economy literature devoted to the study of external vulnerability indicators which seeks to find of weaknesses in the external structure of emerging economies so that the policy makers can take measures to circumvent or mitigate a crisis. The search for signs of vulnerability becomes significant in light of the current scenario, in which grows the possibility of a reversal in international liquidity, due to thechange of monetary policy in central countries. The objective of this research is to compare, through various external vulnerability indicators found along the literature, the external position of vulnerability of Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa and Turkey, because these are the emerging countries for which the market has the worst expectations of resilience against external shock and, therefore, were called the Fragile Five.

No description available.

A integração dos países periféricos na globalização financeira foi acompanhada por diversas crises desde o início dos anos 1990. Essas crises contribuíram para o desenvolvimento de uma literatura sobre indicadores de vulnerabilidade externa que busca encontrar acúmulo de fragilidades nas economias emergentes, para proporcionar medidas capazes de contornar ou amenizar momentos de crise. A busca de sinais de vulnerabilidade se torna relevante frente ao cenário atual de uma potencial reversão de liquidez internacional, com a expectativa do mercado em relação à mudança da política monetária dos países centrais. O objetivo desta pesquisa é comparar, através de diversos indicadores, a posição de vulnerabilidade externa de Brasil, Índia, Indonésia, África do Sul e Turquia, os países emergentes sobre os quais o mercado possui as piores expectativas quanto à capacidade de resistência frente a um choque externo e que, por conta disso, foram apelidados de Fragile Five. / The integration of peripheral countries in financial globalization was accompanied by several crises since the early 1990. These crises contributed to the development of a branchof the international economy literature devoted to the study of external vulnerability indicators which seeks to find of weaknesses in the external structure of emerging economies so that the policy makers can take measures to circumvent or mitigate a crisis. The search for signs of vulnerability becomes significant in light of the current scenario, in which grows the possibility of a reversal in international liquidity, due to thechange of monetary policy in central countries. The objective of this research is to compare, through various external vulnerability indicators found along the literature, the external position of vulnerability of Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa and Turkey, because these are the emerging countries for which the market has the worst expectations of resilience against external shock and, therefore, were called the Fragile Five.

A integração dos países periféricos na globalização financeira foi acompanhada por diversas crises desde o início dos anos 1990. Essas crises contribuíram para o desenvolvimento de uma literatura sobre indicadores de vulnerabilidade externa que busca encontrar acúmulo de fragilidades nas economias emergentes, para proporcionar medidas capazes de contornar ou amenizar momentos de crise. A busca de sinais de vulnerabilidade se torna relevante frente ao cenário atual de uma potencial reversão de liquidez internacional, com a expectativa do mercado em relação à mudança da política monetária dos países centrais. O objetivo desta pesquisa é comparar, através de diversos indicadores, a posição de vulnerabilidade externa de Brasil, Índia, Indonésia, África do Sul e Turquia, os países emergentes sobre os quais o mercado possui as piores expectativas quanto à capacidade de resistência frente a um choque externo e que, por conta disso, foram apelidados de Fragile Five. / The integration of peripheral countries in financial globalization was accompanied by several crises since the early 1990. These crises contributed to the development of a branchof the international economy literature devoted to the study of external vulnerability indicators which seeks to find of weaknesses in the external structure of emerging economies so that the policy makers can take measures to circumvent or mitigate a crisis. The search for signs of vulnerability becomes significant in light of the current scenario, in which grows the possibility of a reversal in international liquidity, due to thechange of monetary policy in central countries. The objective of this research is to compare, through various external vulnerability indicators found along the literature, the external position of vulnerability of Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa and Turkey, because these are the emerging countries for which the market has the worst expectations of resilience against external shock and, therefore, were called the Fragile Five.

No description available.