L’hybridation est un phénomène observé tant chez les plantes que chez les animaux, mais qui n’avait toutefois jamais été détecté chez le zooplancton marin. Cette thèse vise à caractériser l’hybridation entre Calanus glacialis et C. finmarchicus afin d’évaluer son impact sur la dynamique des populations dans l’ouest de l’Atlantique. De plus, les méthodes d’identification morphologique et génétique sont comparées et combinées afin de tester leur capacité à discriminer les espèces parentales et les hybrides. Dans le deuxième chapitre, une grande variabilité spatio-temporelle du chevauchement de la longueur de prosome entre les espèces C. glacialis et C. finmarchicus est montrée pour les copépodites de stade V. Ce chevauchement de taille entraine une identification erronée et donc, une sous-estimation considérable de l’abondance de C. glacialis dans l’estuaire du Saint-Laurent et sur la côte du Labrador. Au troisième chapitre, la présence d’hybrides est d’abord établie. Il existe une grande variabilité spatiale dans la fréquence des hybrides dans la zone hybride, soit de l’archipel canadien arctique au golfe du Maine, chez le stade copépodite V. De plus, la longueur de prosome des hybrides varie en fonction des génotypes dans l’aire d’étude. Dans le quatrième chapitre, il est mis en évidence que la phénologie reproductive des femelles adultes hybrides est intermédiaire à celles des espèces parentales dans l’estuaire du Saint-Laurent. En revanche, le succès reproducteur et le phénotype des femelles adultes hybrides sont similaires à ceux de leur ancêtre maternel. Les hybrides représentent une faible proportion de la production totale d’œufs de mars à juillet. Ainsi, malgré la présence de flux génique entre C. glacialis et C. finmarchicus, les espèces parentales conservent leur intégrité et sont isolées temporellement dans la zone hybride. Les effets sur la dynamique des populations des espèces parentales semblent minimes. Les recherches à vernir devraient tenter de révéler l’hybridation entre ces espèces dans d’autres zones et d’investiguer l’effet des variations de phénologie reproductive et d’advection sur l’abondance d’hybrides. L’hybridation entre d’autres espèces de zooplancton marin semble également plausible. / Hybridization is a phenomenon observed in plants and animals which to date has never been detected in marine zooplankton. This thesis aims to characterise hybridization between Calanus glacialis and C. finmarchicus in order to evaluate the impact on species population dynamics in the West Atlantic. In addition, morphological and genetic identification were compared and combined to test their potential for discrimination of parental species and hybrids. In the second chapter, a great spatio-temporal variability in overlap in prosome length between C. glacialis and C. finmarchicus is shown for stage V copepodites. This overlap in prosome length has the consequence of misidentifying and thus, considerably underestimating C. glacialis’ abundance in the St. Lawrence Estuary and on the Labrador Coast. In the third chapter, it is shown that hybrids exist, and that there is substantial spatial variability in their frequency in the hybrid zone, from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to the Gulf of Maine, for the copepodite stage V. Moreover, hybrid size varied as a function of genotypic composition. In the fourth chapter is shown that hybrid adult females have an intermediate reproductive phenology to that of their parental species in the St. Lawrence Estuary. Contrastingly, fitness and phenotypes of hybrid adult females are similar to those of their maternal ancestor. Hybrids represent a small proportion of total egg production from March to July. Thus, although gene flow occurs between these species, parental species are maintained and mainly isolated temporally within the hybrid zone. The effects of hybridization on species population dynamics are probably minor. Future studies should aim to study hybridization between these species in other zones and the effects of variation in their reproductive phenology and advection on hybrid abundance. Hybridization between other marine zooplankton species is also likely.

The bathypelagic copepods Spinocalanus brevicaudatus, Scaphocalanus brevicornis and Heterorhabdus tanneri have established relatively large, permanent breeding populations in Bute and Jervis Inlet, British Columbia. They are found only rarely in the shallower Strait of Georgia. The preference shown by Spinocalanus brevicaudatus and Scaphocalanus brevicornis was attributed to the deep living habits of breeding adults. The reason for H. tanneri's preference of deep water was not apparent from the distribution study. Two general patterns of vertical distribution were seen among the calanoid capepods in the inlets. The common interzonal species such as Calanus glacialis preferred a definite depth interval near mid-water. The deep-living species such as Spinocalanus brevicaudatus were found throughout the water column below the thermocline, in about equal numbers. Maximum numbers usually occurred in the depth interval immediately below the thermocline. Only females of Metridia pacifica showed a strong diurnal migration pattern in July. This migration became less intense near the head of Bute Inlet. The vertical distribution and migration patterns of Spinocalanus brevicaudatus, Scaphocalanus brevicornis and H. tanneri appeared to increase the chances of secual encounters in these relativelyt rare species. The interzonal and deep-living species showed contrasting life-histories. The interzonal species exhibited a well-defined breeding season, with adults maturing in the winter, and young appearing in the spring. The deep-living species did not show a yearly breeding cycle. Females dominated the population at all times of year, and a relatively small percentage of males and females were always present. A reduction in the male:female sex ratio occurred during or after the last moult in Spinocalanus brevicaudatus and Scaphocalanus brevicornis. In the animals the male has reduced mouth parts and probably dies soon after mating. H. tanneri males do not have reduced mouth parts. This species had a sex ratio close to unity at all times. An increase in total copepod numbers was observed with increasing distance from the head of Bute Inlet. An increase in the percentage of juveniles in the population of most species was also observed with increasing distance from the inlet head. Spinccalanus brevicaudctus, Scaphocalanus brevicornis and H. tanneri are redescribed. Comantenna columbiae is described for the first time. / Graduate