by Warren, Tak-keung Lee. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 140-154. / Acknowledgements / List of Abbreviations / Summary / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Calcium Nutrition and Bone Health --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Calcium Requirements in Children --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Concern for Calcium Intakes in Hong Kong Chinese --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- In Adults --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- In Children --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- Aims of the Study --- p.11 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Calcium Homeostasis --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- Calcium in Body Skeleton --- p.12 / Chapter 2 .2. --- Hormonal Regulation of Calcium Concentration in the Extracellular Fluid Compartment --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3 --- Calcium Absorption --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Calcium Transport Across the Intestine --- p.14 / Chapter 2.4 --- Effects of Age on Calcium Metabolism --- p.17 / Chapter 2.5 --- Effects of Nutrients on Calcium Bioavailability --- p.18 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Calcium Nutritional Status --- p.19 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Vitamin D Nutritional Status --- p.20 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Protein --- p.21 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Phosphorous and Calcium to Phosphorus Ratio --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Sodium --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5.6 --- Lactose --- p.23 / Chapter 2.5.7 --- Glucose and Glucose Polymers --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5.8 --- Phytate --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5.9 --- Oxalate --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methods of Evaluating Calcium Nutritional Status And Bone Mineral Content --- p.27 / Chapter 3.1 --- Methods of Evaluating Calcium Nutrition Status --- p.27 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Blood Biochemistry --- p.27 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Total Body Neutron Activation --- p.27 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Metabolic Balance Study --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Dietary Assessment --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methods of Evaluating Bone Mineral Content --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- In Vivo Measurement of Bone Mineral Content --- p.29 / Chapter 3.3 --- Review on Adopted Methods --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Single Photon Absorptiometry (SPA) --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Review on Methods in Dietary Assessment --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Dietary Assessment Methods Adopted in the Present Study --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Food Composition Tables --- p.51 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- "Subjects, Materials and Methods" --- p.54 / Chapter 4.1 --- Subjects --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2 --- Weight and Height Measurement --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3 --- Dietary Assessment --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Dietary History Record --- p.59 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Food Frequency --- p.62 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- 24-Hour Recall --- p.64 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Estimation of the Amount of Food --- p.64 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Nutrient Analysis --- p.65 / Chapter 4.4 --- Measurement of Bone Mineral Mass by Single Photon Absorptiometry (SPA) --- p.66 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- The Instrument --- p.66 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Calibration of the Instrument --- p.68 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Subject Positioning --- p.68 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Setting Up Pre-Scan Parameters --- p.70 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Bone Scanning: Search Scan and Measure Scan --- p.73 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Evaluation of the Accuracy and Precision of Bone Mineral Content Measurement --- p.73 / Chapter 4.4.7 --- Radiation Exposure --- p.75 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Results --- p.77 / Chapter 5.1 --- Sample Size --- p.77 / Chapter 5.2 --- Representative of the Sample --- p.77 / Chapter 5.3 --- Weight and Height --- p.78 / Chapter 5.4 --- Validity of the Food Composition Table --- p.78 / Chapter 5.5 --- Calcium Intake of Children at Five --- p.78 / Chapter 5.6 --- "Bone Mineral Content (BMC), Bone Mineral Density (BMD), and Bone Width (BW) of 128 Hong Kong Children at Five" --- p.80 / Chapter 5.7 --- Comparisons of Bone Mineral Content (BMC) in Children with High and Low Calcium Intake --- p.81 / Chapter 5.8 --- "Relationships between Bone Mineral Density (BMD), Body Size and Dietary Intakes of Calcium, Protein and Energy" --- p.85 / Chapter 5.9 --- "Inter-correlations between Bone Mass Measurements, Body Size and Dietary Intakes in Hong Kong Children" --- p.87 / Chapter 5.10 --- Planning for Further Investigation --- p.88 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- "A Study of Calcium Intake and Bone Mineral Content of Children at Five Years Old in Jiangmen, Guangdong, China" --- p.107 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.107 / Chapter 6.2 --- "Subjects, Materials and Methods" --- p.108 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Subject Selection --- p.108 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Weight and Height Measurements --- p.109 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Dietary Assessment --- p.109 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Measurement of Bone Mineral Content --- p.111 / Chapter 6.2.5 --- Results --- p.112 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Discussions --- p.120 / Chapter 7.1 --- Reliability of Dietary Calcium Assessment --- p.120 / Chapter 7.2 --- Reliability of Bone Mineral Measurement --- p.121 / Chapter 7.3 --- Representative of Studied Children in Hong Kong --- p.122 / Chapter 7.4 --- Implications of the Study --- p.123 / Chapter 7.4.1 --- Calcium Intake and Bone Mineral Content in Hong Kong Chinese Pre-school Children --- p.123 / Chapter 7.4.2 --- Calcium Intake and Bone Mineral Content of Jiangmen Pre-school Children --- p.131 / Chapter 7.5 --- The Use of Bone Mineral Density (BMD) As A Parameter in Representing Bone Mineral Mass --- p.134 / Chapter 7.6 --- A Need for Further Studies --- p.135 / Chapter 7.7 --- Conclusions --- p.136 / References --- p.140 / Chapter Appendix I --- Dietary Record Form Used in Hong Kong Study --- p.155 / Chapter Appendix II --- Dietary Questionnaire Used in Jiangmen Study --- p.160 / Chapter Appendix III --- Validity of the Compiled Food Composition Table --- p.165 / List of Figures / List of Tables

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg for the Degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 1983 / Two investigations are explored in this dissertation: dietary calcium intake in relation to calcium status in a group of rural Black children and the use of the dietary history and 24-hour dietary recall as a research tool. Children with rachitic bone deformities, members of a community in the Eastern Transvaal, have prompted extensive study. This has shown that the population as a whole has lowered serum calcium levels which appear to be the direct result of calcium deficient diets / IT2018

Chen Yu-ming. / "January 2003." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 177-197). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

This document only includes an excerpt of the corresponding thesis or dissertation. To request a digital scan of the full text, please contact the Ruth Lilly Medical Library's Interlibrary Loan Department (rlmlill@iu.edu).

by Warren Tak-keung Lee. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-186). / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives --- p.3 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Calcium intakes of Hong Kong Chinese: past and present --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Adults --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Children --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Calcium Metabolism --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Calcium and bone mass --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Ethnicity and bone mass --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Physical activity and bone mass --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Hormonal control of calcium metabolism --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Intestinal calcium absorption --- p.14 / Chapter (1) --- Calcium transport across the intestine / Chapter (2) --- Active Calcium Transport / Chapter (3) --- Passive calcium transport / Chapter (4) --- Age and calcium absorption / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Dietary components in relation to calcium bioavailability and absorption --- p.17 / Chapter (1) --- Habitual calcium intake / Chapter (2) --- Vitamin D nutritional status / Chapter (3) --- Protein / Chapter (4) --- Phosphorous and Ca:P ratio / Chapter (5) --- Sodium / Chapter (6) --- Lactose / Chapter (7) --- Glucose and Glucose Polymers / Chapter (8) --- Phytate / Chapter (9) --- Oxalate / Chapter (10) --- Plant estrogen (phyto-estrogen) / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Bioavailability from calcium salts --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3 --- Calcium intakes and requirements --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Calcium requirements in adulthood --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Calcium requirements in childhood --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Manifestation of calcium deficiency in children --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4 --- Assessment of Dietary Intakes --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Food weighing method --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Food Recording method --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- 24-hour dietary recall --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Food frequency method --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Dietary history method --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Chemical analysis of duplicate meals --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- Photographic method --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4.8 --- Selecting suitable methods for the present study --- p.40 / Chapter 2.5 --- Food composition database --- p.41 / Chapter 2.6 --- Evaluation of bone mass in vivo --- p.43 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Single photon absorptiometry --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Dual photon absorptiometry --- p.46 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry --- p.47 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Quantitative computerized tomography --- p.47 / Chapter 2.6.5 --- The techniques selected to quantify bone mass in the present study --- p.48 / Chapter 2.7 --- Measurement of intestinal calcium absorption --- p.49 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Metabolic balance study --- p.49 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Isotopic techniques (radioisotope or stable isotope) --- p.50 / Chapter (1) --- Radio isotope vs stable isotope / Chapter (2) --- The single-label isotope technique / Chapter (3) --- The double-label isotope technique / Chapter (4) --- "Preparation of stable isotopes for human study, and determination of stable isotopes in body fluids" / Chapter (I) --- Dosage considerations / Chapter (II) --- Intrinsic or Extrinsic labelling / Chapter (III) --- Oral and intravenous administration of isotopes / Chapter 2.7.3 --- The technique selected to determine calcium absorption in the present study --- p.60 / Chapter 2.8 --- Mass spectrometry --- p.60 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Thermal ionization mass spectrometry --- p.60 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry --- p.61 / Chapter 2.8.3 --- Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry --- p.61 / Chapter 2.8.4 --- Electron impact mass spectrometry and Gas chromatography mass spectrometry --- p.62 / Chapter 2.8.5 --- Neutron activation analysis --- p.62 / Chapter 2.8.6 --- The type of mass spectrometry used to determine stable isotopic ratios in the present study --- p.63 / Chapter 2.9 --- Assessment of physical activity in children --- p.63 / Chapter 2.9.1 --- Activity questionnaire or record --- p.64 / Chapter 2.9.2 --- Direct measurement of physical activity --- p.65 / Chapter (1) --- Accelerometer / Chapter (2) --- Pedometer / Chapter (3) --- Actometer / Chapter (4) --- Video-recording / Chapter (5) --- Heart-rate recording / Chapter 2.9.3 --- Selection of a suitable physical activity assessment method --- p.67 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- RANDOMIZED DOUBLE-BLIND CONTROLLED CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATON TRIALS IN RELATION TO BONE AND HEIGHT ACQUISITION IN 7-YEAR OLD CHINESE CHILDREN FROM JIANGMEN (CHINA) AND HONG KONG --- p.71 / Chapter 3.1 --- Chapter summary --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2 --- Chapter Introduction --- p.72 / PART I --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3 --- Double-blind Controlled Randomized Calcium Supplementation and Bone and Height Acquisition in Chinese Children Accustomed to Mean Calcium Intake at About 300mg/d --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Objectives --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Subject and Methods --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Results --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Discussions --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.84 / PART II --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4 --- Randomized double-blind controlled calcium supplementation in relation to bone mineral accretion and height increment of Hong Kong Chinese children --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Introduction --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Objectives --- p.85 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Subjects and Methods --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Results --- p.91 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Discussions --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.97 / Chapter 3.5 --- Comparisons of the two calcium supplementation trials from Jiangmen and Hong Kong --- p.97 / Chapter 3.6 --- Chapter Discussions --- p.99 / Chapter 3.7 --- Chapter Conclusion --- p.103 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- TRUE FRACTIONAL CALCIUM ABSORPTION OF CHINESE CHILDREN AND THE EFFECTS OF DOUBLE-BLIND CONTROLLED CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATION ON CALCIUM ABSORPTION IN CHILDREN MEASURED WITH STABLE ISOTOPES (42Ca and 44Ca) --- p.117 / Chapter 4.1 --- Chapter summary --- p.117 / Chapter 4.2 --- Chapter introduction --- p.118 / PART I --- p.119 / Chapter 4.3 --- True fractional calcium absorption in Chinese children measured with stable isotopes (42Ca and 44Ca) --- p.119 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.119 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Objectives --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- "Subjects, Materials and Methods" --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Results --- p.127 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Discussions & Conclusion --- p.131 / Part II --- p.131 / Chapter 4.4 --- Effects of double-blind controlled calcium supplementation on calcium absorption in Chinese children measured with stable isotopes (42Ca and 44Ca) --- p.131 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Introduction --- p.131 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Objective --- p.132 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- "Subjects, Materials and Methods" --- p.132 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Results --- p.135 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Discussions --- p.137 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.139 / Chapter 4.5 --- Chapter Conclusion and Discussions --- p.140 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- GENERAL DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY --- p.156 / Chapter 5.1 --- Ethnic differences in bone acquisition and calcium absorption --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2 --- Calcium requirements for Chinese children --- p.157 / Chapter 5.3 --- Indications for further studies --- p.158 / REFERENCES --- p.161 / APPENDIXES / PUBLICATIONS