Thesis (Ph.D.)--Virginia Commonwealth University, 2009. / Prepared for: Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Title from resource description page. Includes bibliographical references.

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is an internal membrane system that controls the Ca²⁺ concentration inside muscle cells, and hence the contractile state of both skeletal and cardiac muscle. A key protein that that regulates the Ca²⁺ concentration in this membrane is known as the calcium release channel (CRC). The effects on Ca²⁺ dependent activation is of major importance in the study of CRC since other channel modifiers cannot effect the channel in the absence of Ca²⁺, or they require Ca²⁺ for maximum results. In this study of the high-affinity Ca²⁺ binding site, expected increases in total binding and shifts in the sensitivity of the channel to Ca²⁺ were observed when the pH increased or the solution redox status became more oxidative. Ranolazine, a drug used for treating Angina Pectoris (chest pain), desensitized the cardiac CRC activation but had no effect on the skeletal CRC. This selective desensitization may be the cause of Ranolazine's beneficial therapeutic effects. Both Ranolazine, and homocystein thiolactone (HCTL), a naturally occurring derivative of homocysteine, alters Ca²⁺ dependent activation by calcium without changing the number of channels found in the open state. Surprisingly the effect of HCTL was observed only in a reduced redox potential which leads to speculation that the formation of an alpha-carbon radical by HCTL on the cardiac CRC only occurs if select thiols are in a reduced state.

A central concept in the physiology of neurosecretion is that a rise in cytosolic [Ca2+] in the vicinity of plasmalemmal Ca2+ channels due to Ca2+ influx, elicits exocytosis. This dissertation examines the effect on both spontaneous and elicited exocytosis of a rise in focal cytosolic [Ca2+] in the vicinity of ryanodine receptors (RYRs) due to release from internal stores in the form of Ca2+ syntillas. Ca2+ syntillas are focal cytosolic transients mediated by RYRs, which we first found in hypothalamic magnocellular neuronal terminals. (Scintilla, Latin for spark, found in nerve terminals, normally synaptic structures.) We have also observed Ca2+ syntillas in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells (ACCs). Here the effect of Ca2+syntillas on exocytosis is examined in ACCs, which are widely used as model cells for the study of neurosecretion. Elicited exocytosis employs two sources of Ca2+, one due to influx from the cell exterior through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) and another due to release from intracellular stores. To eliminate complications arising from Ca2+ influx, the first part of this dissertation examines spontaneous exocytosis where influx is not activated. We report that decreasing syntillas leads to an increase in spontaneous exocytosis measured amperometrically. Two independent lines of experimentation each lead to this conclusion. In one case release from stores was blocked by ryanodine; in another, stores were partially emptied using thapsigargin plus caffeine after which syntillas were decreased. We conclude that Ca2+syntillas act to inhibit spontaneous exocytosis, and we propose a simple model to account quantitatively for this action of syntillas. The second part of this dissertation examines the role of syntillas in elicited exocytosis whereby Ca2+ influx is activated by physiologically relevant levels of stimulation. Catecholamine and neuropeptide release from ACCs into the circulation is controlled by the sympathetic division of the Autonomic Nervous System. To ensure proper homeostasis tightly controlled exocytic mechanisms must exist both in resting conditions, where minimal output is desirable and under stress, where maximal, but not total release is necessary. It is thought that sympathetic discharge accomplishes this task by regulating the frequency of Ca2+ influx through VGCCs, which serves as a direct trigger for exocytosis. But our studies on spontaneous release in ACCs revealed the presence of Ca2+ syntillas, which had the opposite effect of inhibiting release. Therefore, assuming Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) via RYRs due to Ca2+ influx through VGCCs, we are confronted with a contradiction. Sympathetic discharge should increase syntilla frequency and that in turn should decreaseexocytosis, a paradox. A simple “explanation” might be that the increase in syntillas would act as a brake to prevent an overly great exocytic release. But upon investigation of this question a different finding emerged. We examined the role of syntillas under varying levels of physiologic stimulation in ACCs using simulated action potentials (sAPs) designed to mimic native input at frequencies associated with stress, 15 Hz, and the basal sympathetic tone, 0.5 Hz. Surprisingly, we found that sAPs delivered at 15 Hz or 0.5 Hz were able to completely abolish Ca2+ syntillas within a time frame of two minutes. This was not expected. Further, a single sAP is all that was necessary to initiate suppression of syntillas. Syntillas remained inhibited after 0.5 Hz stimulation but were only temporarily suppressed (for 2 minutes) by 15 Hz stimulation, where global [Ca2+]i was raised to 1 – 2 μM. Thus we propose that CICR, if present in these cells, is overridden by other processes. Hence it appears that inhibition of syntillas by action potentials in ACCs is due to a new process which is the opposite of CICR. This process needs to be investigated, and that will be one of the very next steps in the future. Finally we conclude that syntilla suppression by action potentials is part of the mechanism for elicited exocytosis, resolving the paradox. In the last chapter speculation is discussed into the mechanisms by which physiologic input in the form of an action potential can inhibit Ca2+ syntillas and furthermore, how the Ca2+ syntilla can inhibit exocytic output.

Introdução: A miopatia centronuclear é uma doença muscular congênita com apresentação clínica heterogênea, caracterizada histologicamente pela proeminência de fibras musculares com núcleos centralizados. Três formas são reconhecidas: neonatal grave, com herança ligada ao X e envolvimento do gene MTM1; autossômica dominante, com início geralmente tardio e curso mais leve, associada a mutações no gene DNM2; e autossômica recessiva, com gravidade intermediária entre as outras formas e envolvimento dos genes BIN1, RYR1 ou TTN. Apesar da identificação dos principais genes responsáveis pela doença, os métodos usuais de diagnóstico genético não encontram mutações em cerca da metade dos casos. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi a caracterização clínica, histológica e molecular de pacientes brasileiros portadores de miopatia centronuclear. Métodos: Laudos de dois bancos de biópsia muscular foram usados para identificar pacientes com diagnóstico de miopatia centronuclear nos últimos dez anos. As lâminas das biópsias foram revisadas e analisadas, e as famílias correspondentes convocadas para aplicação de protocolo clínico e coleta de sangue periférico para extração de DNA genômico. As famílias foram estudadas para os genes conhecidos por sequenciamento Sanger, MLPA, painel de genes implicados em doenças neuromusculares ou sequenciamento de exoma. Resultados: Foram convocados 24 pacientes provenientes de 21 famílias, em 16 das quais foi possível estabelecer o diagnóstico molecular. As 7 famílias com a forma neonatal grave constituíam um grupo homogêneo clínica e histologicamente, e mutações novas e conhecidas foram encontradas no gene MTM1 em 6 destas. Dois meninos deste grupo, com evolução estável, tiveram óbito súbito por choque hipovolêmico subsequente a rompimento de cisto hepático. O gene MTM1 também foi implicado em uma menina portadora manifestante, com quadro mais leve, na forma de uma macrodeleção em heterozigose, detectada por MPLA. Duas famílias em cuja histologia foram encontradas fibras com aspecto em \"roda de carroça\" apresentaram mutações no gene DNM2, uma das quais, p.Phe372Cys, nunca havia sido descrita. Em 7 famílias, o gene RYR1 foi o responsável, em todas sob a forma de heterozigose composta, com 14 mutações, das quais 13 novas, encontradas ao longo de todo o gene. Este grupo, apesar de heterogêneo clinicamente, apresentou em comum a presença de falhas focais na atividade oxidativa das fibras musculares na maioria dos indivíduos. O gene TTN está provavelmente implicado em uma família com um único afetado, no qual o sequenciamento de exoma mostrou mutação nula em heterozigose composta. Nesta coorte de pacientes brasileiros, não houve famílias com alterações no gene BIN1, e três famílias seguem sem diagnóstico molecular, com prováveis novos genes implicados. Conclusões: Os achados clínicos e histológicos de pacientes brasileiros com miopatia centronuclear seguem os padrões descritos na literatura, e em conjunto podem direcionar o estudo molecular adequado. Nesta coorte de pacientes, o gene RYR1, estudado por sequenciamento de alto débito de exoma, foi o mais frequentemente acometido, sugerindo que sua implicação na miopatia centronuclear vem sendo subestimada. Novas mutações encontradas nos genes MTM1, DNM2 e RYR1 contribuíram para confirmar regiões de patogenicidade e ampliar o espectro de alterações nestes genes / Introduction: Centronuclear myopathy is a heterogeneous congenital muscle disease, characterized by the prominence of centralized nuclei in muscle fibers. Three disease forms are recognized: a severe neonatal, X-linked form caused by mutations in the MTM1 gene; an autosomal dominant, late-onset milder form, associated to the DNM2 gene; and an autosomal recessive form, with intermediate severity, so far with the BIN1, RYR1 or TTN genes implicated. In spite of the identification of these genes, usual molecular diagnostic methods don\'t yield a molecular diagnosis in about half of cases. Objetives: The aim of this work was to study clinical, histological, and molecular aspects of centronuclear myopathy Brazilian patients. Methods: Reports taken from two muscle biopsy banks were used to identify centronuclear myopathy patients in the last ten years. Biopsy slides were reviewed and analyzed, and corresponding families recruited to apply a clinical protocol and to draw peripheral blood to extract genomic DNA. Families were studied for known genes via Sanger sequencing, MLPA, panel of genes implicated in neuromuscular diseases, or exome sequencing. Results: Twentyfour patients out of 21 families were recruited, and in 16 families molecular diagnosis was established. The 7 families with the severe neonatal form amounted to a clinically and histologically homogeneous group, and mutations, both known and novel, were found in the MTM1 gene in 6 of these. Two boys of this group, with a stable course, died suddenly of hypovolemic shock due to a hepatic cyst rupture. The MTM1 gene was also implicated in the case of a mild manifesting carrier girl with a heterozygous macrodeletion detected via MLPA. Two families whose histology contained fibers with a \"spoke of wheels\" aspect had mutations in the DNM2 gene, one of which, p.Phe372Cys, had never been described. In 7 families, the RYR1 gene was the culprit, in all of them in a compound heterozygous state, with 14 mutations, 13 of which novel, found throughout the length of the gene. This group, despite clinically heterogeneous, had in common the presence of focal disruptions in the oxidative activity of muscle fibers in the majority of individuals. The TTN gene is probably implicated in a family with a single affected, whose exome sequencing showed compound heterozygous null mutations. In this cohort of Brazilian patients, no family was found to have alterations in the BIN1 gene, and three families remain without molecular diagnosis, with probable new implicated genes. Conclusions: Clinical and histological findings of Brazilian patients with centronuclear myopathy follow patterns already described in the literature, and taken as a whole can direct the adequate molecular study. In this patient cohort, the RYR1 gene, sequenced though hight-throughput techniques, was the most frequently involved, suggesting that its implication in centronuclear myopathy is underestimated. Novel mutations found in the MTM1, DNM2 and RYR1 genes contributed to confirm pathogenic regions and expand the spectrum of alterations in these genes

Introdução: A miopatia centronuclear é uma doença muscular congênita com apresentação clínica heterogênea, caracterizada histologicamente pela proeminência de fibras musculares com núcleos centralizados. Três formas são reconhecidas: neonatal grave, com herança ligada ao X e envolvimento do gene MTM1; autossômica dominante, com início geralmente tardio e curso mais leve, associada a mutações no gene DNM2; e autossômica recessiva, com gravidade intermediária entre as outras formas e envolvimento dos genes BIN1, RYR1 ou TTN. Apesar da identificação dos principais genes responsáveis pela doença, os métodos usuais de diagnóstico genético não encontram mutações em cerca da metade dos casos. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi a caracterização clínica, histológica e molecular de pacientes brasileiros portadores de miopatia centronuclear. Métodos: Laudos de dois bancos de biópsia muscular foram usados para identificar pacientes com diagnóstico de miopatia centronuclear nos últimos dez anos. As lâminas das biópsias foram revisadas e analisadas, e as famílias correspondentes convocadas para aplicação de protocolo clínico e coleta de sangue periférico para extração de DNA genômico. As famílias foram estudadas para os genes conhecidos por sequenciamento Sanger, MLPA, painel de genes implicados em doenças neuromusculares ou sequenciamento de exoma. Resultados: Foram convocados 24 pacientes provenientes de 21 famílias, em 16 das quais foi possível estabelecer o diagnóstico molecular. As 7 famílias com a forma neonatal grave constituíam um grupo homogêneo clínica e histologicamente, e mutações novas e conhecidas foram encontradas no gene MTM1 em 6 destas. Dois meninos deste grupo, com evolução estável, tiveram óbito súbito por choque hipovolêmico subsequente a rompimento de cisto hepático. O gene MTM1 também foi implicado em uma menina portadora manifestante, com quadro mais leve, na forma de uma macrodeleção em heterozigose, detectada por MPLA. Duas famílias em cuja histologia foram encontradas fibras com aspecto em \"roda de carroça\" apresentaram mutações no gene DNM2, uma das quais, p.Phe372Cys, nunca havia sido descrita. Em 7 famílias, o gene RYR1 foi o responsável, em todas sob a forma de heterozigose composta, com 14 mutações, das quais 13 novas, encontradas ao longo de todo o gene. Este grupo, apesar de heterogêneo clinicamente, apresentou em comum a presença de falhas focais na atividade oxidativa das fibras musculares na maioria dos indivíduos. O gene TTN está provavelmente implicado em uma família com um único afetado, no qual o sequenciamento de exoma mostrou mutação nula em heterozigose composta. Nesta coorte de pacientes brasileiros, não houve famílias com alterações no gene BIN1, e três famílias seguem sem diagnóstico molecular, com prováveis novos genes implicados. Conclusões: Os achados clínicos e histológicos de pacientes brasileiros com miopatia centronuclear seguem os padrões descritos na literatura, e em conjunto podem direcionar o estudo molecular adequado. Nesta coorte de pacientes, o gene RYR1, estudado por sequenciamento de alto débito de exoma, foi o mais frequentemente acometido, sugerindo que sua implicação na miopatia centronuclear vem sendo subestimada. Novas mutações encontradas nos genes MTM1, DNM2 e RYR1 contribuíram para confirmar regiões de patogenicidade e ampliar o espectro de alterações nestes genes / Introduction: Centronuclear myopathy is a heterogeneous congenital muscle disease, characterized by the prominence of centralized nuclei in muscle fibers. Three disease forms are recognized: a severe neonatal, X-linked form caused by mutations in the MTM1 gene; an autosomal dominant, late-onset milder form, associated to the DNM2 gene; and an autosomal recessive form, with intermediate severity, so far with the BIN1, RYR1 or TTN genes implicated. In spite of the identification of these genes, usual molecular diagnostic methods don\'t yield a molecular diagnosis in about half of cases. Objetives: The aim of this work was to study clinical, histological, and molecular aspects of centronuclear myopathy Brazilian patients. Methods: Reports taken from two muscle biopsy banks were used to identify centronuclear myopathy patients in the last ten years. Biopsy slides were reviewed and analyzed, and corresponding families recruited to apply a clinical protocol and to draw peripheral blood to extract genomic DNA. Families were studied for known genes via Sanger sequencing, MLPA, panel of genes implicated in neuromuscular diseases, or exome sequencing. Results: Twentyfour patients out of 21 families were recruited, and in 16 families molecular diagnosis was established. The 7 families with the severe neonatal form amounted to a clinically and histologically homogeneous group, and mutations, both known and novel, were found in the MTM1 gene in 6 of these. Two boys of this group, with a stable course, died suddenly of hypovolemic shock due to a hepatic cyst rupture. The MTM1 gene was also implicated in the case of a mild manifesting carrier girl with a heterozygous macrodeletion detected via MLPA. Two families whose histology contained fibers with a \"spoke of wheels\" aspect had mutations in the DNM2 gene, one of which, p.Phe372Cys, had never been described. In 7 families, the RYR1 gene was the culprit, in all of them in a compound heterozygous state, with 14 mutations, 13 of which novel, found throughout the length of the gene. This group, despite clinically heterogeneous, had in common the presence of focal disruptions in the oxidative activity of muscle fibers in the majority of individuals. The TTN gene is probably implicated in a family with a single affected, whose exome sequencing showed compound heterozygous null mutations. In this cohort of Brazilian patients, no family was found to have alterations in the BIN1 gene, and three families remain without molecular diagnosis, with probable new implicated genes. Conclusions: Clinical and histological findings of Brazilian patients with centronuclear myopathy follow patterns already described in the literature, and taken as a whole can direct the adequate molecular study. In this patient cohort, the RYR1 gene, sequenced though hight-throughput techniques, was the most frequently involved, suggesting that its implication in centronuclear myopathy is underestimated. Novel mutations found in the MTM1, DNM2 and RYR1 genes contributed to confirm pathogenic regions and expand the spectrum of alterations in these genes