The growing interest and use of complementary and alternative approaches by the general public has created pressure on many health care providers to broaden their traditional scope of practice and integrate complementary and alternative therapies into their repertoire. This study examined the knowledge, attitudes, and level of integration of complementary and alternative approaches by Canadian social workers. Due to limited literature on social work use of complementary and alternative approaches, a broad operational definition of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) was utilized in the study and a wide range of approaches were listed in the questionnaire. This cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative research study included 311 Canadian social workers. A self-administered, web-based survey was developed for the study to examine social workers’ level of knowledge, use, as well as attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine. Based on the findings of the study, Canadian social workers demonstrate general familiarity with CAM, however are less likely to be trained in the approaches. Despite lack of appropriate training, a significant number of social workers integrate complementary and alternative approaches into their practice. Overall, Canadian social workers hold a positive attitude toward complementary and alternative medicine. They express interest in broadening their knowledge in CAM as well as are open to integrating some approaches into their practice. Implications of the findings and further research suggestion are offered at the conclusion of the thesis. There are several implications from this study, most importantly the need for clear guidelines around integration of those approaches into social work practice and inclusion of complementary and alternative methods into social work educational curriculum. There exists number of external and internal threats to validity of the study. The limitations of the study include lack of participation from a number of Canadian provincial social work regulatory bodies. Also the use of web based, English only survey, and may have deterred some social workers. Self-selection process may have attracted those with extreme opinions about the topic. The descriptive nature of the study did not require manipulation of the variables, the analysis was bi-variate, and, therefore could not account for confounding factors.

The growing interest and use of complementary and alternative approaches by the general public has created pressure on many health care providers to broaden their traditional scope of practice and integrate complementary and alternative therapies into their repertoire. This study examined the knowledge, attitudes, and level of integration of complementary and alternative approaches by Canadian social workers. Due to limited literature on social work use of complementary and alternative approaches, a broad operational definition of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) was utilized in the study and a wide range of approaches were listed in the questionnaire. This cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative research study included 311 Canadian social workers. A self-administered, web-based survey was developed for the study to examine social workers’ level of knowledge, use, as well as attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine. Based on the findings of the study, Canadian social workers demonstrate general familiarity with CAM, however are less likely to be trained in the approaches. Despite lack of appropriate training, a significant number of social workers integrate complementary and alternative approaches into their practice. Overall, Canadian social workers hold a positive attitude toward complementary and alternative medicine. They express interest in broadening their knowledge in CAM as well as are open to integrating some approaches into their practice. Implications of the findings and further research suggestion are offered at the conclusion of the thesis. There are several implications from this study, most importantly the need for clear guidelines around integration of those approaches into social work practice and inclusion of complementary and alternative methods into social work educational curriculum. There exists number of external and internal threats to validity of the study. The limitations of the study include lack of participation from a number of Canadian provincial social work regulatory bodies. Also the use of web based, English only survey, and may have deterred some social workers. Self-selection process may have attracted those with extreme opinions about the topic. The descriptive nature of the study did not require manipulation of the variables, the analysis was bi-variate, and, therefore could not account for confounding factors.

A wrapping cam mechanism consists of a cam wrapped by a belt or flexible band. An analytical method for synthesizing wrapping cam mechanisms has recently been developed. This thesis extends the previous work and describes the development of an interactive wrapping cam synthesis package based on analytical methods. The software presented in this thesis generates cam profiles for eight configurations of wrapping cam-pulley or wrapping cam-sprocket mechanisms. This software package has a graphical user interface to give intuitive interactions. The modularity of the software package increases the flexibility for future program extension. This thesis also discusses the extended synthesis methods for a wrapping cam-link mechanism. / Master of Science

published_or_final_version / abstract / Mechanical Engineering / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

<p>The degree project is performed at Metso Kamfab. The production is aimed on machines everything from handling of fiber to paper pulp. Metso Fiber and Kamfab are using Pro/Engineer for design and blueprint production. The processing department types the NC-programs in notepad on the basis of the blueprints, the CAD-dates that already is there are not used. The aim with the work is to study if Kamfab can use CAM-system for processing and production of programs for their NC-machines. The objective in this project is to make NC-programs that functions in three special machines.</p><p>CAD/CAM forms the link between design and production. In a CAD/CAM-system the geometry is created in CAD and can be used directly in CAM for processing. In CAM CL-data is created and after that translated with a postprocessor to NC-code. The postprocessor is used also as a watch over function.</p><p>Three machines were chosen as experiment items for introducing of CAD/CAM. These are a 7-axis mill, a combined mill/turn and a 3-axis mill. The 7-axis mill and the mill/turn were chosen because they are the most advanced machines. The 3-axis mill was chosen because there was available time in it. Products that were tested were trough, pillar, housing and a part for a toolchanger.</p><p>When processing the trough ”Surface-Mill” was chosen and a lead-angle was set in the parameters. It was most drilling and a little face milling on both the pillar and the housing.</p><p>In order to test programs a postprocessor was borrowed that translated CL-data to Heidenhain code. During the test run errors were detected in the programs. This depends on that the postprocessor not where customized for the machine. A postprocessor developed by ourselves was also tested, this one didn’t work because the machine's NC-system couldn’t read ISO standard code.</p><p>A study visit was done at Structo in Kristinehamn where EdgeCAM is used for NC-processing. It works well and it allows quicker and safer programming.</p><p>Pro/Engineer is powerful and has a lot of possible adjustments. This makes it complex and takes time to learn. To use Pro/Engineer´s CAM-part it is necessary to have basic knowledge about the CAD-part. Depending on this many companies uses for example EdgeCAM that almost is a pure CAM-system.</p><p>The processing of the three components functioned well in Pro/Engineer, we could process the components after demands. The problem was to get working programs. An advantage with using CAM is that you can simulate toolpaths. Through this you can see if the tool collides and it also makes it possible to optimize toolpaths. Today, it is a lot of waiting time in the milling machine FPT34 because programs are not completed. This waiting time would be reduced or even eliminated with the aid of CAM.</p> / <p>Examensarbetet är utfört på Metso Kamfab. Deras tillverkning är inriktad på maskiner allt från hantering av flis till framställning av pappersmassa. Metso Fiber och Kamfab använder Pro/Engineer för konstruktion och ritningsframtagning. Vid maskinberedning skrivs sedan NC-program utifrån ritningen, alltså används inte de CAD-data som redan finns. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka om Kamfab kan använda CAM-system för beredning och framtagning av program till deras NC-maskiner. Målet i detta projekt är att ta fram NC-program som fungerar i tre speciella maskiner. Dessutom skall två CAM-system jämföras, dessa är Pro/Engineer´s CAM-system och EdgeCAM.</p><p>CAD/CAM bildar kopplingen mellan konstruktion och produktion. I ett CAD/CAM-system kan geometrin som skapats i CAD-delen direkt användas i CAM-delen för beredning. Vid CAM beredning skapas CL-data som översätts med en postprocessor till NC-kod. Postprocessorn används också som en övervakande funktion.</p><p>Tre maskiner har valts ut som försöksobjekt för införande av CAD/CAM. Det är en 7-axlig NC-fräs, en kombinerad svarv/fräsmaskin och en 3-axlig fräs. Anledningen till att den 7-axliga maskinen och svarv/fräsmaskinen valdes var att de betraktas som de mest avancerade maskinerna. Den enklare 3-axliga maskinen valdes för att det fanns ledig tid i den. Produkter som testades var tråg, pelare, kikhus och en detalj till en verktygsväxlare.</p><p>Vid beredning av tråget valdes ”Surface-Mill” och i parametrar ställdes en framlutning av verktyget in. Denna metod kallas skränkfräsning. Både för pelare och kikhuset var det främst borrning och lite planfräsning.</p><p>För att kunna testa program lånades en postprocessor som översatte CL-data till Heidenhain kod. Under testkörningen upptäcktes fel på programmen. Detta berodde på att postprocessorn inte var anpassad till maskinen. En egenutvecklad postprocessor testades också, denna fungerade inte pga. att maskinens styrsystem inte klarade ISO-standard kod.</p><p>Ett studiebesök gjordes hos Structo i Kristinehamn där EdgeCAM används för NC-beredning. Det fungerar bra att få fram program, det medför snabbare och säkrare programmering.</p><p>Pro/Engineer är kraftfullt då det finns oerhört många inställningar och justeringar att tillgå. Samtidigt är det ganska komplext och det tar tid att lära sig. För att använda Pro/Engineer´s CAM-del krävs det att man är kunnig i CAD-delen. Beroende på detta så använder många företag exempelvis EdgeCAM som i princip är ett rent CAM-system.</p><p>Beredningen av de tre komponenterna fungerade bra i Pro/Engineer, man kunde bearbeta komponenterna efter önskemål. Problemet var att få fram fungerande program. En fördel med att använda CAM är att man kan simulera verktygsvägar. Genom detta kan man se om verktyget krockar och det möjliggör också optimering av verktygsvägar.</p><p>Idag är det en hel del väntetid i fräsverket pga. att program inte finns färdiga. Denna väntetid skulle kunna reduceras eller till och med elimineras med hjälp av CAM.</p>

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No description available.

CAI combustion and the factors affecting it were intensively investigated in a single cylinder, air-assisted gasoline direct injection engine. CAI was achieved by means of residual gas trapping by utilising low-lift short duration camshafts and early closing of the exhaust valves. The effects of EVC (Exhaust Valve Closure) and IVO (Inlet Valve opening) timings, spark timing, single and split injection timings, coolant temperature, compression ratio, cam lift and duration on exhaust emissions and CAI operation were investigated experimentally. Engine speed throughout the course of the experiments, was varied from 1200rpm to 2400rpm and the air/fuel ratio was altered from stoichiometric to the misfire limit. The results show that the EVC timing, compression ratio, cam lift and duration had significant influences on CAI combustion and emissions. Early EVC when combined with higher compression ratio and higher cam lift, enhance CAI combustion operation and stability. IVO timing had minor effect on CAI combustion while spark timing hardly affects CAI operation as soon as fully-developed CAI conditions were established. Coolant temperature was revealed to have substantial impact on CAI combustion when the coolant temperature was below 65C. The results also show the importance of injection timing. Early injection gave faster and more stable combustion, less HC and CO emissions, but more prone to knocking combustion and higher NOx emissions. Furthermore, CAI operation range could considerably be extended with injection during the recompression process. Late injection led to slower and unstable combustion, higher HC and CO emissions but lower combustion noise and NOx emissions. Split injection gave even further extension of CAI range in both stoichiometric and lean mixture operations. All the above clearly suggest, that optimising injection timing and using split injection is an effective way to control and extend CAI operation in a direct injection gasoline engine.

Ingeniero Civil / El presente trabajo de título analiza el método de consolidación por vacío y su aplicabilidad para el mejoramiento de un relave integral. El estudio se basa en la comparación de resultados obtenidos a partir de un modelo experimental, modelaciones numéricas de elementos finitos y soluciones analíticas recopiladas de la literatura técnica. El modelo experimental aplica succión generada por una bomba de vacío sobre una columna de relave integral saturado y monitorea la evolución temporal de la deformación vertical, simulando la aplicación de esta técnica en suelos depositados en la cubeta de un tranque de relaves. Además, se realizan simulaciones numéricas de elementos finitos con el software Abaqus para reproducir las condiciones del modelo experimental y poder capturar las mediciones de laboratorio. El comportamiento elasto-plástico del material se simula con el modelo constitutivo Cam-Clay Modificado (MCCM). La calibración de los parámetros de compresibilidad y de conductividad hidráulica del material se realiza con ensayos de laboratorio considerando dos estados de depositación y otros parámetros se adoptan de los trabajos de Cifuentes y Verdugo (2007) y Conejera (2016). La aplicación de -80 kPa de vacío induce deformaciones verticales en la columna de relave integral que son equivalentes a las inducidas por la aplicación de 3,5 - 4 metros de material de relleno. El fenómeno de consolidación de vacíos se puede simular numéricamente con un software de elementos finitos y el uso de un modelo constitutivo elasto-plástico, como Cam-Clay Modificado (MCCM). Los parámetros críticos para modelar apropiadamente el fenómeno son los parámetros de compresibilidad y la conductividad hidráulica del material. Si bien estos parámetros se pueden estimar con ensayos estándares de laboratorio, se requieren algunos ajustes para estimar el asentamiento máximo y el tiempo de consolidación.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the marginal chipping of anterior veneers made with CAD/CAM by calculating the chipping factor, to evaluate the failure load of different veneering materials and thicknesses under static loading and cyclic loading. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ivorine central incisor was prepared to receive a traditional veneer. Using epoxy resin, 120 replication dies were made of the prepared tooth. Four ceramic materials were used; IPS Empress CAD, IPS e.max CAD, VITA ENAMIC and Lava Ultimate. Veneers were milled using a Sirona InLab MCXL at three different thicknesses, 0.4mm, 0.7mm and 1.0mm, n=10 for each group. Veneers were inspected under the light microscope to calculate the chipping factor (CF). All veneers were cemented to their tooth replicas using Variolink Veneer resin cement. Five specimens/group were loaded under compression using an Instron universal testing machine at a rate of 0.5 mm/minute until fracture. Another five specimens were subjected to cyclic loading at 30% of the mean fracture load for 30,000 cycles at frequency rate of 1 Hz, and then were loaded under compression to fracture. Modes of failure were recorded after each test. RESULTS: IPS Empress CAD 0.4mm CF was higher than all other groups, and VITA ENAMIC and Lava Ultimate 1.0mm CF were the lowest. There was a significant difference in the failure load of the IPS Empress CAD and IPS e.max CAD groups under static loading but not in VITA EANMIC and Lava Ultimate groups. Cyclic fatigue had no significant effect on the failure load of different veneering materials and thicknesses. CONCLUSIONS: Chipping factor decreases as the material thickness increases and can be used as an indicator of material machinability. IPS e.max CAD at 1.0mm had the highest static failure load value when compared to other materials. Cyclic fatigue did not affect the failure load values within the groups tested. / 2019-09-26T00:00:00Z