This dissertation gives a brief background of the development of Canada in the period preceding Confederation. In this is included a short account of the plans for acquiring land the acquisition of the North-West Territories. Then follows an account of the development of dominion policy regarding the disposition of the Crown lands and the attempts to attract settlers to farm those lands. The building of the first transcontinental railroad is also briefly treated. Some attention is given to the early settlements, both foreign and British, and the reasons for the failure of much of the government effort in that field. The study of the great period of development in the years following 1896, the work of Sifton in bringing about the expansion of settlement, increasing immigration, building additional railroads, stimulating the colonization companies, and the resulting increase in all branches of industry, is them made, in more detail. The decline of immigration as a result of depression and the disappearance of the free homestead is then studied, and finally the effect of World War I on immigration. The following section treats of the post-war period and its curtailed immigration and of the efforts of the governments to stimulate immigration through the British Empire Settlement Scheme, especially in the application of this scheme to Canada. This leads to a brief discussion of the gradual ending of immigration as a result of the depression of 1930 and the passing of the restrictive acts that were enacted to limit the entry of immigrants to those considered "desirable". The growth of industries besides as the basic one of agriculture is briefly studied. The Oriental section deals briefly with the coming of the Chinese, the growth of opposition to them, the struggle between Ottawa and Victoria on the subject of the control of Chinese immigration. The immigration of the Japanese is next considered, with comment on the difference of attitude on the part of the Dominion government toward the Chinese and the Japanese and the reasons for this difference. A brief study is made of the Indian problem and its special difficulty because of the fact that these East Indians were British subjects. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

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Through an in-depth study of the Canadian case, this thesis demonstrates how a loss of control over national borders can result from liberal-democratic state efforts to restrict the rights of non-citizens. It argues that the gaps created between certain fundamental due process and equality rights and state control practice increase the risk of policy failure by opening up avenues along which the authority and capacity of the state can be challenged effectively---by encouraging rights-based politics, irregular migration, and administrative inefficiencies. Part I provides an overview of recent international migration trends, followed by a detailed examination of the liberal-democratic control literature, identifying three biases---restrictionist, domestic-statist, and historical---that obscure the state's role in the creation and perpetuation of control problems. In response, this thesis employs an analytic framework rooted in the concept of the universe of political discourse to trace the evolution and interaction of two competing perspectives that have defined Canadian control policy debates and developments since Confederation, Liberal Internationalism and Liberal Nationalism, each of which posits a different relationship between the rights of non-citizens and the state. Part II presents a thorough account of Canadian control policies towards immigrants and refugees from 1867 to 1965, and reveals that the proposed link between rights-restrictive policies and control problems has deep liberal-democratic roots in Canada. Part III focuses on Canadian policies towards asylum seekers from 1965 to 1988, and demonstrates the central role that the state's rights-restrictive approach played in the creation, breakdown, and replacement of the country's first inland refugee status determination system. Parts II and III are based on an extensive examination of published Canadian government documents, and secondary materials from the fields of history, legal studies, and politics, among other sources. In a concluding chapter, it is argued that by giving greater conceptual and empirical clarity to control, the findings presented in this thesis are of continued relevance to the study of control policies---contemporary or historical---in Canada and other liberal democracies.

That refugeeness is a socially constructed subjectivity produced by immigration and refugee policy is the main argument of this thesis. Departing from the functionalist approach characterizing previous work on migrants, refugees in this study are defined as developing a particular migrant subjectivity, characterized by uprootedness and the crossing of borders. As well, this study argues that refugeeness is an addition to the general refugee experience. Immigration and refugee policy at the international and Canadian levels is defined as the main discourse in the production of refugeeness . How this state intersects with individual refugees' lives is the focus of this study which seeks to analyze the impact of immigration and refugee policy on refugee claimants in Canada. Deconstruction of immigration and refugee policy discourse provides core elements in understanding the construction of the refugee as an object defined by international law. Further, it is shown that increasingly restrictive policies, arising out of western nations' concerns over sovereignty of their borders have had an impact on the migratory trajectory of refugee claimants and on their pre-refugee subjectivities. It is argued that the process constituting the refugee claimant subjectivity is one of otherization where refugees are dispossessed of their pre-migratory subjectivity, creating a profound rupture with their past and present subjectivities. A qualitative approach is used to determine the subjective experience of claimants in Canada as it relates to three major areas of their lives: work, family and state which constitute the core areas of study in the construction of the refugee claimant subjectivity, as conceptualized by a materialist theoretical model. Conclusions raise issues for policy practices and social work practice.

This thesis investigates the relationship between the self image and the degree of assimilation in children. There are two parts to the hypothesis: firstly, there are self image characteristics which are common to members of one national group that distinguish them from members of other national groups, and secondly, these distinguishing characteristics decrease as the members of one national group become assimilated with another national group. The hypothesis was tested in the Vancouver shool system. An interviewing program was undertaken with three matched groups of school children: German immigrants, settled Canadians, and migrant Canadians. The purpose of the first two groups was to form a basis on which to compare the self images of children who were well assimilated and children who were poorly assimilated. The main function of the third group was to provide a basis on which to distinguish any self image characteristics which may be common to all children who are 'uprooted' and not only to children who immigrate to another country. If such characteristics were found they could not be regarded as distinguishing characteristics of any one national group. The self images of the Canadian and German children were found to differ in their social and institutional identification. The poorly assimilated German children identified mainly within the home and family; while the Canadian children identified within many additional institutions and people. As the German children became better assimilated their identification broadened. Therefore, a limited amount of evidence was found to support both parts of the hypothesis. / Arts, Faculty of / Sociology, Department of / Graduate

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This thesis examines the immigration process and adjustment patterns of recent Taiwanese immigrants to Canada. Using data derived fiom participant interviews with Taiwanese immigrants living in Vancouver, Victoria, and Nanaimo, the experiences of the immigrants challenge existing literature that groups Chinese immigrants fiom Taiwan, Hong Kong and The People's Republic of China under the same umbrella. The thesis also looks at Canada's immigration policies, how they influenced the type of immigrant Canada seeks and how they contribute to 'backlash racism', and examines Canada's multiculturalism policy and its ability to defend against 'backlash racism'. The findings of this exploratory study, while not able to give definitive answers, are also used to question the validity of recent international migration theories.

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