The collèges classiques have been the most noteworthy of French Canadian educational institutions. Yet there have been very few studies on the history of these schools in Canada in the French language, and none in English. Since there is a lack of such studies, particularly on the early period of the collèges classiques, it was deemed expedient that a survey of the origin and early development of these institutions be undertaken. [...]

In this work the nature of contemporary Canadian evangelicalism will be evaluated in light of Luther's theology of the cross. To commence, a I shall recount a brief history of "evangelicals," tracing the movement from its origins in early sixteenth century Europe at the time of the Protestant Reformation to the present. A four point theological characterization of the contemporary evangelical movement will be outlined. Drawing upon a spectrum of evangelical commentators, leaders and events, I consider the impulses that most typically comprise the evangelical ethos in Canada. / Martin Luther's theology of the cross will then be presented and shown to be an appropriate lens through which to consider evangelicalism, given a common heritage in the Reformation. Finally, the tendencies of contemporary evangelicalism will be evaluated theologically in light of Luther's theologia crucis.

General aviation, which includes all aircraft except those of the military and the scheduled air carriers, is an important sector of the air transportation system. The impact of general aviation cannot be regarded lightly whether for business, pleasure, industrial use or commercial air service, these aircraft account for 98 percent of the total civil aviation fleet and they flew over 80 percent of the total hours flown in 1967. General aviation is growing at a rate that, alone, could absorb all available capacity of air traffic control and ground-handling facilities at some major metropolitan airports. Paradoxically the growth of general aviation and its absorption of facility capacity causes congestion and delay and threatens to limit the system development. Despite the key role it plays in supporting the industrial and service bases that make our air transportation system possible, general aviation demands have not been adequately met because of an absence of data to formulate an effective policy. The objective of this study is to assess the development and future trends of general aviation for the purpose of policy considerations and facility planning. General aviation data presented in this study has been derived from responses to questionnaires mailed to private aircraft owners and commercial non-scheduled air carriers who had aircraft during 1967. The data was collected and compiled by the Department of Transport with assistance of the Aviation Statistics Centre in two segments: Part 1 - Responses received from owners of private aircraft; Part 2- Responses by Canadian carriers and statistical data reported directly to the Air Transport Committee. All the forecast demand factors indicate a monumental requirement for capital investment in airports and the airspace systems. It is apparent that the present general aviation policy will have to be adapted to meet the anticipated demand. Present policy does not treat the planning and allocation of our airways and airports as though they were scarce economic resources. All too often, the concept of efficient use of resources is not an integral part of the promotion of aviation or the fostering of its growth and development. It is therefore, recommended that a national general aviation policy is required in which the proper allocation of airways and airports for the most efficient use possible of general aviation facilities can be developed in relation to the total system demand. It is further recommended that the Federal Government review and modify its existing policy regarding federal contributions to or the responsibility for the direct contribution of general aviation airports. The Federal Government's heavy financial burden to meet the requirements for mainline airports suggests the desirability of encouraging the provinces and local municipalities to assume a greater share of the developing and financing of non-mainline airports for general aviation use. General aviation benefits mainly a region or local community since it primarily serves only the air transportation needs of the regional district or the municipality. It seems natural, since the main benefits accrue to the province and municipality, that the Federal Government should establish a liaison with the other levels of government to promote general aviation. The main theme of such a liaison should be to stress the idea of integration of planning and developing of general aviation within the framework of comprehensive regional and community plans as well as the national air transportation system. The expenditures for general aviation facilities could be shared by all three levels of government and these amounts should be matched by general aviation user charges. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

No description available.

No description available.

Describing Canada's security intelligence practice, historians have identified 1945as a watershed. In September of that year Igor Gouzenko defected from the embassy of the Soviet Union in Ottawa, carrying with him evidence that the Soviets operated an espionage ring in this country. According to historical canon, Gouzenko's defection and the investigations which resulted from it forced the Canadian government to initiate a security screening program for civil servants and armed forces personnel. This program was an attempt to discern the political opinions, behaviour and trustworthiness of people in positions of trust both inside the state and outside. This thesis rewrites the conventional history of state security screening in Canada. By reexamining existing evidence and making use of records uncovered through the Access to Information Act, this work demonstrates that security screening of civil servants, military personnel and naturalization applicants began in the years between the First and Second World Wars. Revising the point at which security screening began also forces a reevaluation of the motivation for security screening. Security screening was not launched to detect and neutralize foreign espionage agents. Rather, it was borne out of a deep fear of communists among the Canadian people. Concern about internal dissent, not about foreign spying, was responsible for this new security intelligence development. This work also reexamines the Canadian government's supervision of its primary security intelligence agency, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Contrary to the widely held view that the Canadian cabinet initiated and supervised the screening system, this thesis shows that the RCMP operated a program for at least fifteen years without political authorization and guidance. In doing so, it committed acts which can only be regarded as civil liberties violations. Nevertheless, abuses were relatively minor. One reason why they were was the dubious legality of the program. Carrying out a program which lacked political approval, the RCMP kept a tight rein on the security screening system, fearing a controversy which could be embarrassing and damaging to its own security intelligence capacity.

No description available.

Although the concept of liberty provided the intellectual foundation for the legitimacy of state power and social order in both Canadas from as early as the Atlantic Revolution (1776--1815), it has never been used to study the history of state formation in Canada. This dissertation examines the essential role that the concept of liberty played in the process of state formation in Canada between the American Revolution (1776) and the Act of Union (1841). It proposes a large-scale re-reading of the intellectual and political history of that period through the question of liberty within the framework of the British Empire and of the Atlantic world (Great Britain, The United States and France). Beginning from a theoretical framework inspired by the work of intellectual historians of the Atlantic world, such as J. G. A. Pocock, Bernard Bailyn, Gordon S. Wood and Quentin Skinner, by the philosophical considerations on liberty from Isaiah Berlin and by a reading of the most important philosophical writings of eighteenth-century Britain, France and United States, this dissertation argues that, from 1791 and onwards, Upper and Lower Canada developed according to a concept of liberty that, while being different from the notion of liberty at work during the Atlantic Revolution, still proceeded directly from the Enlightenment. Less preoccupied by equality and community than by individual autonomy, this ideal was based on a respect for certain individual rights which are often reduced to the trio of "liberty, property and security." Politically, this model of liberty recognized the existence of different interests within a society and their right to exist, and economically, the importance it gave to the protection of private property led to an ethic that encouraged the accumulation of wealth. / This conception of liberty (which might be called a modern definition of liberty) provides the intellectual base for the Constitutional Act of 1791 and was generally accepted in Upper and Lower Canadian societies until 1828. At that moment, some reformists, disappointed by the slowness of the British government to bring reform to the colonies, adopted a republican discourse based on the idea of popular sovereignty and the very different trio of "liberty, equality and community". The political struggles of the 1830s in both Canadas can be explained in part by examining the opposition between these two very different concepts of liberty. The tension between these two models ended with the 1837 rebellions and the triumph of the modern concept of liberty at the expense of the republican ideal defended by the patriots and the radicals in both Canadas. It is in this context that Lord Durham's report was published. By his recommendation of rendering the executive power accountable to the Legislative Assembly, Durham gave back to the reformists still adhering to the modern concept of liberty the leadership of the reform movement in the colony and re-focussed the movement's attention towards the issue of responsible government. After 1839, the debate within the colonies would concentrate on the practice of political power, rather than on its legitimacy.

No description available.

Describing Canada's security intelligence practice, historians have identified 1945as a watershed. In September of that year Igor Gouzenko defected from the embassy of the Soviet Union in Ottawa, carrying with him evidence that the Soviets operated an espionage ring in this country. According to historical canon, Gouzenko's defection and the investigations which resulted from it forced the Canadian government to initiate a security screening program for civil servants and armed forces personnel. This program was an attempt to discern the political opinions, behaviour and trustworthiness of people in positions of trust both inside the state and outside. This thesis rewrites the conventional history of state security screening in Canada. By reexamining existing evidence and making use of records uncovered through the Access to Information Act, this work demonstrates that security screening of civil servants, military personnel and naturalization applicants began in the years between the First and Second World Wars. Revising the point at which security screening began also forces a reevaluation of the motivation for security screening. Security screening was not launched to detect and neutralize foreign espionage agents. Rather, it was borne out of a deep fear of communists among the Canadian people. Concern about internal dissent, not about foreign spying, was responsible for this new security intelligence development. This work also reexamines the Canadian government's supervision of its primary security intelligence agency, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Contrary to the widely held view that the Canadian cabinet initiated and supervised the screening system, this thesis shows that the RCMP operated a program for at least fifteen years without political authorization and guidance. In doing so, it committed acts which can only be regarded as civil liberties violations. Nevertheless, abuses were relatively minor. One reason why they were was the dubious legality of the program. Carrying out a program which lacked political approval, the RCMP kept a tight rein on the security screening system, fearing a controversy which could be embarrassing and damaging to its own security intelligence capacity. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate