Le problème de l'authentification est approché par le biais de la théorie de l'information et le modèle d'authentification est analysé sous deux angles différents: soit en utilisant un code graphique brut, soit en utilisant un code graphique codé par codage canal.La première approche permet de proposer un système d'authentification basé sur le test de Neyman–Pearson. Afin de calculer la probabilité de fausse alarme et non-détection, nous avons d'une part utilisé le théorème de Sanov, d'autre part des méthodes de Monte-Carlo basées sur l'échantillonnage d'importance, et avons ainsi réussi à estimer précisément ces probabilités lorsqu'elles sont très faibles. Nous avons ensuite pu optimiser le modèle d'impression acquisition afin de maximiser les performances d'authentification.La deuxième approche propose d'utiliser un code graphique structuré via l'utilisation d'un codage déterministe. Nous montrons qu'il est possible de trouver des codes authentifiants pour lesquels les probabilité de fausse alarme et de non-détection seront conjointement très faibles. Dans le cas de l'authentification, nous avons cependant analyser un codage inadapté car le décodeur permet une transmission à la capacité du canal principal, mais devient inadapté au canal de l'adversaire. Nous avons donc du dans un premier temps calculer la capacité inadaptée liée au canal de l'adversaire, puis ensuite bornée la probabilité d'erreur de décodage liée à cette capacité. Ces résultats théoriques ont été confirmés par l'utilisation du codage Turbo. Nous montrons que pratiquement les performances des systèmes utilisant le codage canal sont supérieures aux performance liées au codage brut. / The problem of authentication is investigated from an information theoretic security point of view. An authentication model is analyzed using two settings, namely non-channel coding and channel coding based authentication. In the former, a reliable performance measurements of an authentication system relying on a Neyman–Pearson test is provided. Specifically, an asymptotic expression using Sanov's theorem is first proposed to compute the probabilities of false alarm and non-detection, then a practical method based on Monte-Carlo using importance sampling is given to estimate these small probabilities. Thanks to these accurate computation of probabilities, we show that it is possible to optimize the authentication performance when the model of the print and scan channel is known. In the latter, we study the setup where the authentication message is coded by the deterministic channel codes. We show that using channel coding is possible to enhance the authentication performance. Precisely, it is possible to find codes making the two error probabilities simultaneously arbitrarily small. Such codes have rates between the capacity of main channel and that of the opponent channel. It should be noted that the legitimate receiver does not know whether the observed message comes from the legitimate or from the opponent. Therefore it is the objective of the legitimate receiver to use a decoding rule matching with the distribution law of the main channel but mismatching with the opponent channel. Finally, a practical scheme Turbo codes is proposed. The analysis of the EXIT chart is discussed to choose channel parameters so that the authentication performance is optimized.

Dans le domaine du transport, des travaux de recherche considérables sont menés visant à assurer une sécurité maximale des usagers des transports et à réduire le nombre d’accidents de la route. L’utilisation de radars embarqués sur les véhicules constitue un des points d’entrée technologiques considérés. Ces radars fournissent une mesure de la distance et de la vitesse d’approche de l’obstacle fixe ou mobile ainsi que la direction d’arrivée des obstacles. Ils fournissent également le nombre d’objets dans le champ du capteur. Plus récemment, une fonction secondaire de communication a été suggérée pour ces dispositifs. Ce travail de thèse a été réalisé dans le cadre d’un projet national, en partie financé par l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche, programme « Télécommunications », intitulé « Communication inter VEhicules et LOcalisation relative précise (VELO) ». Ce projet vise à concevoir et à réaliser un capteur radar fonctionnant en gamme millimétrique, à 79 GHz. Pour ce capteur, trois fonctions sont visées : Détection et mesure de distance radiale des cibles ; Communication inter-véhicules ; Localisation relative précise des cibles. L’objectif final est de construire une ceinture de sécurité immatérielle à 360° autour du véhicule, avec une résolution de détection radiale des obstacles inférieure à 10 cm et une capacité de communication inter-véhicules. La technologie Ultra Large Bande (ULB) a été sélectionnée pour assurer les exigences de détection radar, de communication et de localisation relative précise. Des modèles de simulation nécessaires à l’évaluation globale des performances du système de localisation relative ont été mis en œuvre et développés sous MatlabTM et ADSTM. Différents paramètres ont été étudiés et évalués tels que : la forme d’onde, la fréquence d’échantillonnage, la longueur de la ligne de base, la technique de localisation fondée sur des mesures de temps de vol des signaux de type TOA, TDOA et DOA (Time Of Arrival, Time Différence Of Arrival, Direction Of Arrival). De premières expérimentations effectuées à 4 GHz ont permis de nous familiariser avec la technique de localisation utilisant des impulsions brèves. D’autres expérimentations en laboratoire ont ensuite été menées en gamme millimétrique. Nous avons employé un banc de mesure réalisé à l’aide de composants disponibles à 60 GHz en attendant de disposer des prototypes à 79 GHz réalisés par ailleurs dans le projet. Ces tests ont permis de valider l’approche choisie ainsi que les différents résultats de simulation exploitant un modèle de propagation à deux rayons direct et réfléchi sur la chaussée. / In order to ensure maximum safety of users of road transport and to reduce the number of road accidents, considerable scientific research is conducted. The use of radar mounted on vehicles is a considered technological entry point. The required functions are measuring the distance and the velocity of fixed or mobile obstacles and providing their directions of arrival. More recently, a secondary vehicle to vehicle communication function has been suggested for these radar sensors. This thesis was part of a national research project launched in 2007 entitled "Communication inter VEhicules and accurate relative LOcation (VELO)" following a call for tenders from the French National Agency of Research. This project aims to design and to implement a radar sensor operating at the recently assigned millimeter frequency band of 79 GHz. Different functions must be provided by this sensor: Detection and radial distances of the targets; Targets speed measurements; Vehicle to vehicle communication; and Accurate targets relative location. The ultimate goal of these sensors is to constitute a safety virtual belt operating at 360 ° all around the vehicle, providing a high resolution localization of all the surrounding targets and the ability to communicate with other vehicles. In this work we focus particularly on the part “accurate relative localization of the targets”. We show that through the use of the ultra wideband (UWB) technique and of sub nanosecond pulses we can simultaneously satisfy these requirements. To evaluate the relative localization accuracy provided by this approach, the impact of different parameters are modeled: pulse waveforms, sampling rate, jitter, TOA, TDOA, DOA (Time Of Arrival, Time Difference Of Arrival, Direction Of Arrival) methods. Simulation models needed to assess overall system performance relative location were implemented and developed in MatlabTM and ADSTM. These simulation results have been validated during an experimental phase where we have localized sources emitting at 4 GHz and 60 GHz in a laboratory environment. A channel model considering a two-ray approach was also implemented in the simulations and experimentally validated at 63 GHz.

A study on the digestive tract of a harpacticoid copepod, 2i3lio£Ss californicus, was carried out using techniques of light and electron microscopy. It was found that a curved, cuticulized esophagus extends from the ventral mouth to the midgut. Its musculature and shape allows fairly large food particles to enter the gut. The noncuticulized portion of the digestive tract consists of; 1. A single, anterior, spherical midgut caecum, 2. An anterior midgut extending from the midgut caecum to the joint at the beginning of the urosome, 3. A posterior midgut extending almost the length of the urosome. The cuticulized hindgut can be divided, structurally, into anterior and posterior regions. It is suggested that the anterior hindgut functions in ion and water regulation as well as begins the formation of a faecal pellet. The posterior hindgut compacts the faecal pellet and retains it until defaecation. At the light and electron microscope levels four cell types could be distinguished. By studying the cell's position in the gut, electron density, amount of lipid, amount and type of vesiculation and the abundance and position of the cell*s organelles, functions for these cells were determined: 1. cell type one is an embryonic cell which will replace cells worn away or lost in secretion. 2. Cell type two functions mainly in the synthesis and secretion of proteins and also plays a role in lipid absorption. 3. Cell type three appears to function mainly in lipid absorption. 4. Cell type four also functions in lipid absorption but this cell is only found in the anterior midgut and the type of vesicles found in this cell suggest a different type of absorption is occurring than in cell type three. From the abundance of each cell type, the length of the microvilli, the development of the basal lamina and luminal projections, the following conclusions were made: 1. The midgut caecum functions mainly for absorption of digested nutrients. 2. The anterior midgut also functions for nutrient absorption but plays a more important role in merocrine and exocrine secretion. The presence of concretions in cell types two and three of the anterior midgut suggest a role in excretion, water or ion regulation. 3. The posterior midgut functions mainly in absorption, though some holocrine secretion is evident. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

This study differs from previous works on the subject because it seeks to prove that the crisis could have been avoided if the European powers had desired to solve the points of difference peacefully.

Orientador: Mário Tanomaru Filho / Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar preparo e dilatação adicional com instrumentos de NiTi tratados termicamente em movimento rotatório ou reciprocante, capacidade de preenchimento pelas técnicas de onda contínua de condensação (OCC) ou compactação lateral (CL) e por OCC com cimentos AH Plus (AHP) ou Neo MTA Plus (NMTAP) em raízes mesiais de molares inferiores. Metodologia: Molares inferiores com dois canais radiculares e curvatura entre 20° e 40° foram preparados (n=24) por ProDesign Logic (PDL) 25.01 e 25.06 em movimento rotatório e ProDesign R (PDR) 25.06 em movimento reciprocante. Dilatação adicional foi realizada com PDL35.01 e PDL35.05 ou PDR35.05. Canais preparados por PDL35.05 foram obturados (n=12) por CL ou OCC, associados a AHP. Canais preparados por PDR35.05 foram obturados por OCC e AHP ou NMTAP. Escaneamentos com 9 µm foram realizados com Micro-CT (SkyScan 1176) antes e após o preparo, após a dilatação adicional e após a obturação. Percentual de aumento volumétrico (%AV), debris (%D) e superfície não instrumentada (%SNI), transporte, centralização e tempo de preparo foram analisados. Análises volumétricas foram realizadas para determinação do percentual de material obturador e de falhas como um todo e em cada terço dos canais radiculares. Os testes estatísticos ANOVA e Tukey ou Kruskall-Wallis e Dunn foram realizados (P<0,05). Publicação 1 - Resultados: PDL25.06 promoveu maior %AV no terço apical e menor %D e %SNI em comparação ao PDR25.06 (P<0,05). Após dilatação adicional PDL35... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate root canal preparation and additional enlargement using NiTi instruments thermally treated in rotary or reciprocating motion, filling capacity by continuous wave of condensation (CWC) or lateral compaction (LC) and CWC using AH Plus (AHP) or Neo MTA Plus (NMTAP) in mesial roots of mandibular molars. Methods: Mesial roots of mandibular molars, degree of curvature between 20° and 40°, were prepared (n=24) by ProDesign Logic (PDL) 25.01 and 25.06 in rotating motion or ProDesign R (PDR) 25.06 in reciprocating motion. Additional enlargement was performed using PDL 35.01 and 35.05 or PDR 35.05. Root canals prepared by PDL 35.05 were filled (n=12) by LC or CWC, associated with AHP. Root canals prepared by PDR 35.05 were filled by CWC associated with AHP or NMTAP. Scanning with 9μm resolution were performed by Micro-CT (SkyScan 1176) before and after preparation, after additional enlargement and after filling. Percentage increase in volume (%VI), debris (%D) and uninstrumented surface (%US), root canal transportation, centralization and preparation time were analysed. Volumetric analyzes were performed to determine the percentage of obturator material and voids as a whole and in each third of the root canals. ANOVA and Tukey or Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests were used (α=0.05). Publication 1 - Results: PDL 25.06 promoted higher %VI in the apical third and lower %D and %US compared to PDR 25.06 (P<0.05). After additional enlargement, ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Juliane Maria Guerreiro Tanomaru / Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar o preparo com instrumentos de níquel-titânio tratados termicamente em movimento rotatório ou reciprocante e a associação com inserto ultrassônico e capacidade de preenchimento pelas técnicas híbrida de Tagger ou cone único empregando o cimento Bio-C Sealer em canais radiculares achatados. Metodologia: Canais distais achatados de molares inferiores com diâmetro vestíbulo-lingual igual ou maior que 4 vezes o diâmetro mésio-distal foram preparados (n=12) por Reciproc Blue (RB) R40 em movimento reciprocante ou ProDesign Logic (PDL) 40.01 e 40.05 em movimento rotatório. Etapa complementar de instrumentação foi realizada com inserto ultrassônico Flatsonic nos dois grupos. Os canais foram obturados (n=12) pela técnica híbrida de Tagger ou cone único com o cimento Bio-C Sealer. Escaneamentos em resolução de 8,74 µm foram realizados em microtomografia computadorizada (micro-CT) antes e após todas as etapas experimentais. Percentual de aumento volumétrico, debris e superfície não instrumentada foram analisados para as etapas de preparo e percentual de falhas para obturação. Testes estatísticos ANOVA e Tukey, teste t pareado e não pareado foram realizados com nível de significância de 5%. Publicação 1 – Resultados: O percentual de aumento volumétrico, debris e superfície não instrumentada foi semelhante entre RB e PDL na extensão total do canal (P>0,05). PDL promoveu menor percentual de debris no terço cervical e menor percentual de aumento volumétrico no terço apical ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Orientador: Mario Tanomaru Filho / Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar o preparo empregando dois sistemas rotatórios de níquel-titânio tratados termicamente e efeito do novo inserto ultrassônico e instrumento de menor diâmetro e a capacidade de preenchimento dos cimentos Bio-C Sealer ou AH Plus pela técnica de cone único em canais radiculares achatados de segundos pré-molares superiores. Metodologia: Canais radiculares achatados de segundos pré-molares superiores humanos com diâmetro vestíbulo-lingual igual ou maior que 4 vezes o diâmetro mésio-distal foram preparados com sistemas rotatórios(n=16): ProDesign Logic (PDL) 30.01 e 30.05 ou HyFlex EDM (HEDM) 10.05 e 25.08. Etapa do preparo complementar foi realizada com inserto ultrassônico Flatsonic (terço cervical e médio) e PDL 25.03 (terço apical) (FPDL) em ambos os grupos. Os canais radiculares foram obturados (n=16) com o cimento Bio-C Sealer ou AH Plus pela técnica de cone único. Escaneamentos em resolução de 8,74 µm foram realizados em microtomografia computadorizada (micro-CT) antes e após as etapas experimentais. Percentual de aumento volumétrico, debris e superfície não instrumentada foram analisados para as etapas de preparo e percentual de falhas para obturação. Os testes estatísticos específicos para o preparo e obturação foram realizados com nível de significância de 5%. Publicação 1 – Resultados: Não houve diferença estatística entre PDL e HEDM para o aumento de volume, debris e superfície não instrumentada no canal como um todo (P>0,05). PDL obteve maior percentual... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate root canal preparation using two rotary nickel-titanium systems thermally treated and the effect of ultrasonic tip and small diameter instrument; and the filling capacity of sealers Bio-C Sealer and AH Plus by single cone technique in flattened root canals of maxillary second premolars. Methods: Flattened root canals of human maxillary second premolars with buccolingual diameter 4 or more times larger than the mesiodistal diameter were prepared with rotary systems (n=16): ProDesign Logic (PDL) 30.01 e 30.05 or HyFlex EDM (HEDM) 10.05 e 25.08. Complementary preparation step was performed with ultrasonic tip Flatsonic (cervical and middle thirds) and PDL 25.03 (apical third) (FPDL) in both groups. The root canals were filled (n=16) with Bio-C Sealer or AH Plus by single cone technique. Scanning in resolution of 8,74 µm were performed by microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) before and after the experimental steps. Percentage of increase in volume, debris and uninstrumented surface were analysed for the preparation steps and percentage of voids for obturation. The statistical tests specific to preparation and obturation analyses were performed with a significance level of 5%. Publication 1 - Results: There was no statistically difference between PDL and HEDM for volume increase, debris and uninstrumented surface, in entire canal (P>0,05). PDL showed higher debris in the middle and apical thirds than HEDM (P<0,05). The FPDL protocol ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Estimation of seepage was done in 39 selected reaches of 11 irrigation canals in the Logan and Blacksmith Fork Irrigation Systems of Cache Valley, Utah. The measurements were performed from June to October, 2008, which includes part of the irrigation season for these canals. The inflow-outflow method was used to measure seepage, in which area and velocities were measured under steady flow conditions. Velocity measurements were done with an acoustic flow meter and the mean velocity was determined using the reduced-point method (velocity measurements at 0.2, 0.6 and or 0.8 of the depth from the water surface). As a result, reaches with the highest seepage losses were identified. Gaining streams, losing streams, and gaining-losing streams were also identified. Spatial variation was observed along each canal in which a descending trend of the mean seepage loss was found in the downstream direction. Additionally, spatial variation was found between canals, the reaches located in the east part of Logan city presented higher seepage losses than reaches on the west side of the city. Temporal variations were identified by a monthly comparison of seepage losses within reaches which indicated higher seepage losses during late July and August of 2008. Additionally, this report presents comments about the performance of the FlowTracker® ADV® in the present project.

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